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Beginning of article

5 NOVEMBER 1906 * 30 AUGUST 2004

FRED LAWRENCE WHIPPLE, internationally known for his "dirty snowball" model of comets, was the man in large part responsible for bringing the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to an academic educational institution. He thereby laid the foundation for the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, which has become the world's largest astronomical establishment.

Soon after his birth into a farming family in Red Oak, in the southwestern corner of Iowa, on 5 November 1906, Whipple and his parents followed many Hawkeyes to California, where he eventually enrolled first at Occidental College and then at UCLA to pursue his interest in …