I. Introduction
Union density has been declining throughout the world since circa 1980. Since the peak of union density, when it exceeded 34 percent in 19541, the erosion of the industrial unions in key manufacturing sectors of the United States economy, such as auto, steel and rubber, over the last three decades has resulted in a crisis for private sector unionism. The most recent statistics indicate that private sector union density in 2010 registered 6.9 percent2, due to the loss of union members in the aforementioned industries, combined with the labor organizations' inability to successfully establish new bargaining units in both mature and newly emerging industries. Although …