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Three awarding bodies - Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA), London Qualifications and Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations (OCR) - in England administer the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examination and A levels. GCSE and A level are national assessments normally taken in a series of subjects by sixteen-year-olds and eighteen-yearolds respectively.

Within the field of educational assessment there is a large literature about sex bias studies, for example Spear (1984) and Gipps and Murphy (1994). Studies have researched the sex bias of whole test or individual questions and/or associated mark schemes. The concern is that particular groups, whether …