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Beginning of article

Virtually every institution associated with law enforcement and the administration of justice in the United States immediately responded to the terrorist actions on September 11, 2001. The nation became a "no-fly" zone as airports were shut down from coast to coast. Both legally present and undocumented foreign workers and students were subjected to heightened scrutiny by federal law enforcement and in many cases were detained incommunicado and without charge. Congress quickly passed the USA Patriot Act, which was signed into law by late October.

The reaction to the attacks on the rights and liberties of aliens-even those with no connection to terrorists-was largely transparent …