ABSTRACT. All the social sciences struggle to pinpoint and grasp those aspects of human behavior that shape and are shaped by some historical-social reality. This article discusses how and why scientific work directed toward behavioral disorders is almost a perfect metaphor for the dilemma of the social sciences as a whole. Specifically the development of individuals occurs in dynamic transaction with environments that are themselves conditioned by complex social histories. I point out that study of children with behavioral disorders is different from study of special education as a social system that defines and responds to children with behavioral disorders. I argue that, although the …