United States Electoral Systems: Their Impact on Women and Minorities

Table of contents

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• Title Page iii
• Contents vii
• Preface xi
• PART II SENDING WOMEN AND MINORITIES TO CONGRESS 13
• 2 Electing Minorities and Women to Congress 15
• NOTES 28
• 3 Preconditions for Black and Hispanic Congressional Success 31
• NOTES 39
• 4: Anglo and Minority Women's Underrepresentation in Congress: Is the Electoral System the Culprit? 41
• PART III ELECTING STATE LEGISLATORS AND JUDGES 55
• 5: Multimember Legislative Districts: Minority and Anglo Women's and Men's Recruitment Opportunity 57
• 6 Barriers to Representing Women and Blacks in Pennsylvania: The Impacts of Demography, Culture, and Structure 73
• NOTES 84
• 7 Florida: The Big Electoral Shakeup of 1982 87
• NOTES 97
• 8 Creative Multimember Redistricting and Representation of Women and Minorities in the Maryland Legislature 99

• Title Page iii
• Contents vii
• Preface xi
• PART II SENDING WOMEN AND MINORITIES TO CONGRESS 13
• 2 Electing Minorities and Women to Congress 15
• NOTES 28
• 3 Preconditions for Black and Hispanic Congressional Success 31
• NOTES 39
• 4: Anglo and Minority Women's Underrepresentation in Congress: Is the Electoral System the Culprit? 41
• PART III ELECTING STATE LEGISLATORS AND JUDGES 55
• 5: Multimember Legislative Districts: Minority and Anglo Women's and Men's Recruitment Opportunity 57
• 6 Barriers to Representing Women and Blacks in Pennsylvania: The Impacts of Demography, Culture, and Structure 73
• NOTES 84
• 7 Florida: The Big Electoral Shakeup of 1982 87
• NOTES 97
• 8 Creative Multimember Redistricting and Representation of Women and Minorities in the Maryland Legislature 99
• NOTES 108
• 9 The Effect of the "Cutback" on the Representation of Women and Minorities in the Illinois General Assembly 111
• NOTES 117
• 10 Patterns of Legislative Opportunity in Arizona: Sex, Race, and Ethnicity 119
• NOTES 127
• 11 Alternative Judicial Election Systems: Solving the Minority Vote Dilution Problem 129
• NOTES 137
• PART IV ELECTING LOCAL LEADERS 141
• 12 Minority and Gender Representation in American County Legislatures: The Effect of Election Systems 143
• NOTES 152
• 13 The Impact of At-Large Elections on the Representation of Minority Women 153
• NOTES 162
• 14 Electing Women to City Council: A Focus on Small Cities in Florida 167
• NOTES 179
• 15 Cumulative Voting and Limited Voting in Alabama 183
• NOTES 195
• 16 Proportional Representation on New York City Community School Boards 197
• NOTES 204
• PART V OPTIONS FOR INCREASING THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES 207
• 17: Enhancing Representational Equity in Cities 209
• 18 Electoral Barriers to Women 221
• NOTES 231
• Select Bibliography 233
• Index 239
• Contributors 243