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Black Miami in the Twentieth Century
Black Miami in the Twentieth Century
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Black Miami in the Twentieth Century

by Marvin Dunn. 414 pgs.

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publication details

Contributors:

   Marvin Dunn

Publisher:

   University Press of Florida

Place of Publication:

  Gainesville, FL  

Publication Year:

  1997
Subjects:   African Americans--Florida--Miami--History--20th Century, Miami (Fla.)--Race Relations
Table of contents
CONTENTS
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xiii
Foreword, by Raymond Arsenault and Gary Mormino xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction 1
Part One: The Pre-Flagler Era
1. Blacks in Early South Florida (1646-1895) 7
2. Blacks in Early Miami (1896-1926) 51
3. Blacks in Early Dade County (1896-1926) 101
Part Two: The Barriers Fall
4. The Pre-Civil Rights Period (1926-1945) 143
5. The Dade County Civil Rights Movement (1944-1970) 171
6. School Desegregation 224
Part Three: Race Riots and Civil Disturbances (1968-1995)
7. Prelude to the 1980 Riot 245
8. Riots of the 1980s 267
Part Four: Blacks in Contemporary Dade County
9. Blacks and Immigration in South Florida 317
10. Current Status of Blacks in Dade County: An Overview 334
Epilogue 371
Notes 375
Bibliography 383
Index 393
1. Black Caesar shipwrecked off coast, late 1600 s 8
2. Cape Florida lighthouse 12
3. Early black settlers on Plantation Key, circa 1895 15
4. John Horse ("Gopher John") , interpreter for the Seminoles 20
5. Negro Abraham and Seminole chiefs 21
6. Fort King Road 23
7. Old slave quarters, Fort Dallas 30
8. Hurst starch mill, early 1900 s 32
9. Peacock Inn, 1884 34
10. Bahamian employees of the Peacock Inn 35
11. Mariah Brown home 36
12. Odd Fellows Hall, Coconut Grove 37
13. E. W. F. Stirrup 39
14. Stirrup home 39
15. Charlotte Jane Memorial Cemetery 40
16. Black community of Coconut Grove, mid- 1880 s 40
17. Julia Tuttle 45
18. Henry M. Flagler 46
19. Orange grove near DeLand after the Great Freeze of 1894 49
20. John Sewell 52
21. Groundbreaking for Royal Palm Hotel, 1896 54
22. Tents in early , circa 1896 55
23. John Sewell 's "black artillery" 58
24. Royal Palm Hotel 59
25. Black workers on , circa 1900 60
26. Street scene in early Colored Town 62
27. Postcard of black , 1906 65
28. Josephine Dillard Powell , pioneer 66
29. Grandchildren of pioneers Shadrack and Lucretia Ward 67
30. Maxie Ford and Horace S. Sharpe , pioneers 69
31. Marshall Williamson , South pioneer 71
32. Arthur Mays , black south Dade pioneer 72
33. Polly Mays, black south Dade pioneer 72
34. Johnny "Cat Man" Everett 72
35. Camp Miami, 1898 75
D. A. Dorsey 79
37. Dorsey house 80
38. Florence Gaskins 82
39. Washing clothes in Colored Town 82
40. J and S Building, Cola-Nip Bottling Company 83
41. Dr. W. B. Sawyer 84
42. Opening of Christian Hospital, 1918 85
43. Dr. William Chapman house 86
44. Ad for Colored Town Bargain Store 89
45. Three members of the Reeves family, black newspaper owners 90
46. Lyric Theater 91
47. , 1927 93
48. 104
49. Eliza Granberry , 104
50. Students and teacher, 105
51. Teaching staff, , 1937 106
52. The Reverend Samuel A. Sampson 107
53. Macedonia Missionary Baptist Church 107
54. Colored Town funeral procession, circa 1920 108
55. Greater Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church 109
56. Mount Zion Baptist Church 110
57. Saint Agnes Episcopal Church 111
58. Christ Episcopal Church 112
59. Saint John Baptist Church 114
60. Mount Pleasant Missionary Baptist Church 115
61. New Bethel A.M.E. Church 116
62. Ku Klux Klan poster 118
63. Klansmen prepare to ride in 118
64. The Ku Klux Klan marching down , 1926 119
65. Ku Klux Klan rally, circa 1925 123
66. Postcard, circa 1925 123
67. James B. Nimmo 125
68. police station 132
69. H. Leslie Quigg 135
70. Officer Melville Tibbits 135
71. Cab Calloway , the Clover Club 145
72. Zebra Lounge, Mary Elizabeth Hotel 146
73. Billie Holiday , Georgette's Tea Room 147
74. Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority women 147
75. Idle Hour Art and 148
76. Miami depot of the Florida East Coast Railroad 152
77. Redcaps, FEC depot, 1938 153
78. Muhammad All and Malcolm X , Overtown nightclub, 1964 154
79. William B. Sawyer Jr. 155
80. Interstate Highway 95 through Overtown 157
81. Eleanor Roosevelt , 159
82. Annie M. Coleman 159
83. Unidentified woman with sign 161
84. Jim Crow railroad passenger car, 1948 162.
85. Alonzo "Pop" Kelly 165
86. Horace Sharpe Jr. 166
87. Liberty Square Project, circa 1937 167
88. "Concrete monster" in Overtown 170
89. 174
90. Thurgood Marshall and Miami civil rights leaders, circa 1952 176
91. Martin Luther King Jr. , Variety Children's Hospital, 1966 177
92. Father John E. Culmer 181
93. G. E. Graves and Father R. Gibson on protest ride 183
94. Dr. John O. Brown 185
M. Athalie Range with Reubin O. Askew , 1971 190
96. Father Theodore R. Gibson 192
97. Dummy burned in Colored Town, 1939 194
98. Sam Solomon 197
99. Blacks registering to vote as Democrats 198
100. Joe Lang Kershaw 198
101. Gwendolyn Sawyer Cherry 199
102. Carrie P. Meek 200
103. U.S. District Court Judge
104. Miller Dawkins and T. Willard Fair entering federal building, 1996 205
105. Colored Town slum, circa 1930 209
106. Carver Village bombing, 1951 211
107. students 231
108. National Guard, 1968 riot 250
109. Dr. Johnny Jones 258
110. Arthur McDuffie 269
111. Officer Alex Marrero , 1980 278
112. in flames, 1980 287
113. Looters arguing over spoils, 1980 288
114. Black business owners survey riot damage, 1980 289
115. Overtown video arcade, site of Nevel Johnson's death 300
116. Nevel Johnson 's brother weeps 301
117. Woman and child crossing Overtown street, 1982 301
118. Luis Alvarez in court, 1984 303
119. Roy Black 304
120. Allan Blanchard 306
121. Overtown scene of Lozano shooting, 1989 307
122. Alan Blanchard 's distraught mother 307
123. Four men suspected of looting, 1989 308
124. Officer William Lozano demonstrating firing of weapon, 1989 311
125. Cuban refugees arriving in 318
126. Haitians landing on south beach 322.
127. Dead Haitian refugees on south beach 324
128. Haitians being returned to Haiti via Cuban airliner 325
129. Haitian marketplace, Little Haiti 330
130. Northwest Second Avenue as it appears today 340
131. H. T. Smith 348
2.1. Black citizens by birthplace, , 1900 61
2.2. Black-owned businesses, , 1900 92
2.3. Black-owned businesses, , 1915 92
4.1. Black population of Dade County, 1920 - 1945 163
5.1. Black state representatives 202
5.2. Black state senators 202
5.3. Black Dade County Commissioners 203
5.4. Blacks on selected city commissions 203
5.5. Black mayors 203
5.6. Blacks on Dade County School Board 204
6.1. , enrollment by race and ethnicity, 1990 - 1995 238
6.2. , enrollment by race and ethnicity, 1995 240
6.3. , black enrollment, 1991 - 1996 241
10.1. Population by race and ethnicity, Dade County, 1930 - 1995 335
10.2. Caribbean-blacks in Dade County by country of birth, 1980 and 1990 336
10.3. Black Dade Countians' place of birth by ancestry, 1990 337
10.4. Dade teen gunshot deaths by race and gender, 1987 - 1991 338
10.5. Population of black neighborhoods, Dade County, 1960 - 1900 342
10.6. Black population, selected Dade County cities, 1950 - 1990 343
10.7. Income distribution of black families, Dade County, 1980 - 1990 344
10.8. Family income distribution by race, Dade County, 1989 345
10.9. Family income distribution among Caribbean-born blacks by country of birth, Dade County, 1989 346
10.10. Income by race and Hispanic origin, total and selected counties (persons twenty-five and older) 350
10.11. Persons below poverty level by race and Hispanic origin, total United States and Dade County, 1969 - 1989 352
10.12. The nation's poorest cities, 1990 354
10.13. Households receiving food stamps and/or AFDC by race and Hispanic origin, Dade and Monroe Counties, 1987 and 1990 358
10.14. Maximum monthly allotment, Food Stamp Program, 1983 - 1995 359
10.15. Persons sixty-five or older living alone by race, Hispanic origin, and gender, Dade County, 1990 361
10.16. K-12, enrollment by race and Hispanic origin, Dade County public schools, 1995 - 1996 362
10.17. Number of high school graduates by race and Hispanic origin, Dade County, 1989 - 1994 362
10.18. Educational attainment by race and Hispanic origin (persons twenty-five and older), Dade County, 1970 - 1990 363
10.19. Educational attainment of Caribbean-born blacks (twenty-five and older) by country of birth, Dade County, 1990 365
10.20. School enrollment by race and Hispanic origin (persons fifteen to seventeen), Dade County, 1990 366
10.21. Public- and private-school enrollment (elementary to high school) by race and Hispanic origin, Dade County, 1990 366
10.22. School enrollment (persons eighteen to twenty-four) by gender, race, and Hispanic origin, Dade County, 1990 367
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