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Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe
by Henri Pirenne. 242 pgs.
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publication details
 Table of contents
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CONTENTS |
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Preface to the English Translation |
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INTRODUCTION |
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Break up of the economic equilibrium of the ancient world , ; |
1 |
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Saracens and Christians in the West , ; |
3 |
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disappearance of commerce in the West , ; |
4 |
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economic regression under the Carolingians , ; |
6 |
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agrarian character of society from the ninth century , ; |
7 |
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the great estates , ; |
8 |
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absence of outlets , ; |
8 |
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occasional commerce , ; |
9 |
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local markets , ; |
10 |
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the Jews , ; |
11 |
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character of society from the ninth century , ; |
11 |
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supremacy of the Church , ; |
12 |
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economic ideal of the Church , ; |
13 |
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prohibition of usury , . |
13 |
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ONE. THE REVIVAL OF COMMERCE |
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| 1. |
THE MEDITERRANEAN |
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Continuation of Mediterranean in commerce Byzantine Italy , ; |
15 |
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commerce of Byzantine Italy and Venice with Islam , ; |
16 |
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Venetian expansion , ; |
17 |
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Venice and the Byzantine Empire , . |
19 |
| II. |
THE NORTH SEA AND THE BALTIC |
20 |
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The raids of the Northmen , ; |
20 |
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commercial expansion of the Scandinavians , ; |
21 |
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Scandinavian commerce in Russia , ; |
22 |
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Scandinavian commerce in the Baltic , ; |
23 |
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Scandinavian commerce in the North Sea , . |
24 |
| III. |
THE REVIVAL OF COMMERCE |
25 |
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First economic relations of Venice with the West , ; |
26 |
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the Church and the merchants , ; |
27 |
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Pisa and Genoa , ; |
28 |
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the First Crusade , ; |
29 |
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the Mediterranean opened again to Western commerce , ; |
30 |
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the crusades and Italian navigation , ; |
31 |
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supremacy of the Italians in the Mediterranean , ; |
32 |
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decline of Byzantine navigation , ; |
32 |
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Italian commerce , ; |
33 |
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commerce north of the Alps , ; |
83 |
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the Flemish cloth industry , ; |
35 |
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the cloth trade , . |
35 |
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TWO. THE TOWNS |
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| I. |
THE REVIVAL OF URBAN LIFE |
39 |
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Disappearance of urban life in the eighth century , ; |
40 |
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the bourgs , ; |
41 |
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the first mercantile agglomerations , ; |
41 |
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the ports , ; |
42 |
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concentration of industry in the towns , . |
42 |
| III. |
MERCHANTS AND THE BOURGEOISIE |
44 |
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The alleged manorial origin of the merchant class , ; |
44 |
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adventurers and merchants , ; |
45 |
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Godric of Finchale , ; |
46 |
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the earliest commercial profits , ; |
46 |
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influence of navigation on commerce , ; |
47 |
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the first commercial fortunes , . |
47 |
| III. |
URBAN INSTITUTIONS AND LAW |
49 |
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The bourgeoisie and agrarian society , ; |
49 |
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freedom of the bourgeoisie , ; |
50 |
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rise of a new town law , ; |
51 |
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legal and administrative autonomy of the towns , ; |
51 |
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the town wall , ; |
53 |
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town finances , ; |
53 |
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the town magistrates , ; |
53 |
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the towns and the princes , ; |
54 |
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privileges of the bourgeoisie , . |
55 |
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THREE. LAND AND THE RURAL CLASSES |
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| I. |
MANORIAL ORGANISATION AND SERFDOM |
57 |
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Numerical predominance of the country over the towns , ; |
57 |
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the great estates , ; |
58 |
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the curtis or manor , ; |
60 |
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the tenants' holdings and the lord's demesne , ; |
60 |
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tenants and serfs , ; |
61 |
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legal and religious unity of the manor , ; |
62 |
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patriarchal character of manorial organisation , ; |
62 |
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economic character of the manors , ; |
63 |
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the agrarian system , ; |
63 |
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seigneurial dues , . |
65 |
| II. |
CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE FROM THE BEGENNING OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY |
66 |
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Increase of population , ; |
66 |
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the Cistercian estates , ; |
68 |
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the hôtes , ; |
69 |
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the first clearings , ; |
70 |
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the "new towns," ; |
70 |
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drainage works , ; |
74 |
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Flemish colonists in Germany , ; |
76 |
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German colonisation beyond the Elbe , ; |
76 |
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influence of the towns on the countryside , ; |
77 |
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the progress of monetary circulation and its consequences , ; |
78 |
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transformation of manorial organisation , ; |
80 |
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influence of commerce on the countryside , ; |
83 |
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rise of a land market , . |
84 |
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FOUR. COMMERCE TO THE END OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY |
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| I. |
THE MOVEMIENT OF TRADE |
86 |
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Tolls , ; |
86 |
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state of the roads , ; |
87 |
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means of transport , ; |
88 |
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rivers and canals , ; |
89 |
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shipping , ; |
89 |
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absence of protection |
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attitude of the princes towards commerce , ; |
91 |
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gilds and Hanses , ; |
93 |
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decline of itinerant commerce , . |
95 |
| II. |
THE FAIRS |
96 |
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Fairs and markets , ; |
96 |
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origin and development of the fairs , ; |
97 |
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law of the fairs , ; |
98 |
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the fairs of Champagne , ; |
99 |
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the fairs of Champagne and commerce , ; |
100 |
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the fairs of Champagne and credit , ; |
101 |
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decline of the fairs of Champagne , . |
102 |
| III. |
MONEY |
102 |
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Natural economy and money economy , ; |
102 |
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Carolingian origin of the monetary system , ; |
106 |
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the Carolingian coinage , ; |
107 |
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the coinage in the feudal era , ; |
108 |
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exploitation of the coinage by the princes , ; |
110 |
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royal coinage , ; |
111 |
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appearance of the gros , ; |
113 |
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revival of a gold currency , . |
115 |
| IV. |
CREDIT AND THE TRAFFIC IN MONEY |
116 |
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Antiquity of credit , ; |
116 |
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loans for consumption by ecclesiastical institutions , ; |
118 |
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origin of commercial credit , ; |
119 |
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early forms of credit in Italy , ; |
121 |
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the education of merchants and the use of credit , ; |
122 |
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commerce and credit , ; |
124 |
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the trade in money , ; |
125 |
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financial operations of the merchants , ; |
126 |
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loans at interest , ; |
128 |
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progress of credit in Italy , ; |
129 |
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the Jews , ; |
131 |
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"loan tables," ; |
133 |
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exchangers , ; |
134 |
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land rents , ; |
135 |
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life rents , ; |
136 |
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legislation on usury , . |
137 |
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FIVE. INTERNATIONAL TRADE TO THE END OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY |
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| I. |
COMMODITIES AND DIRECTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE |
140 |
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Spices , ; |
141 |
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the trade in spices in the Mediterranean , ; |
142 |
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the trade in Eastern products , ; |
143 |
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the cloth trade , ; |
143 |
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the port of Bruges , ; |
145 |
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the Teutonic Hanse , ; |
146 |
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Hanseatic commerce , ; |
148 |
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the trade of Continental Germany , ; |
148 |
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English trade , ; |
150 |
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French trade , ; |
152 |
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Spanish trade , ; |
156 |
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the predominance of natural products in commerce , ; |
157 |
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metallurgy and mines , ; |
157 |
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the superiority of Italian commercial technique , ; |
158 |
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the volume of medieval trade , . |
159 |
| II. |
THE CAPITALISTIC CHARACTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE |
160 |
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Arguments against the existence of medieval capitalism , ; |
160 |
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capital the result of long-distance trade , ; |
161 |
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importance of commercial profits , ; |
162 |
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origins of mercantile capital , ; |
163 |
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investment of commercial profits in land , ; |
165 |
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wholesale and retail trade , . |
165 |
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SIX. URBAN ECONOMY AND THE REGULATION OF INDUSTRY |
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| I. |
THE TOWNS AS ECONOMIC CENTRES. THE PROVISIONING OF THE TOWNS |
167 |
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Economic character of medieval towns , ; |
167 |
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the clergy and nobility in the towns , ; |
168 |
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density of town populaion , ; |
169 |
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growth of town population down to the beginning of the fourteenth century , ; |
170 |
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food policy of the town authorities , ; |
172 |
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the provisioning of towns and commerce , ; |
174 |
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brokers , ; |
175 |
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exclusion of outsiders from retail trade , . |
175 |
| II. |
URBAN INDUSTRY |
176 |
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Clientèle of urban industry , ; |
177 |
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origin of the craft gilds , ; |
177 |
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the industrial monopoly of the crafts , ; |
180 |
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tendency of the crafts towards autonomy , ; |
182 |
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protection of the producer , ; |
183 |
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protection of the consumer , ; |
184 |
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hierarchy of artisans , ; |
184 |
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crafts in the export industries , ; |
185 |
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social condition of the workers in these industries , . |
187 |
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SEVEN. THE ECONOMIC CHANGES OF THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES |
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| I. |
CATASTROPHES AND SOCIAL DISTURBANCES |
189 |
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Economic characteristics of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries , ; |
189 |
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a period of stabilisation , ; |
191 |
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the famine of 1315 and the Black Death , ; |
192 |
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the revolt of maritime Flanders , ; |
195 |
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the English insurrection of 1381 , ; |
196 |
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discontent with town oligarchies , ; |
198 |
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the democratic revolution , ; |
199 |
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the area of the social disturbances , ; |
199 |
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the struggle of the "small' and the "great," ; |
200 |
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social disturbances among the workers in the export trades , ; |
201 |
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reform of the municipal governments , ; |
202 |
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social conflicts in Flanders , ; |
202 |
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the journeymen's associations , . |
205 |
| II. |
PROTECTIONISM, CAPITALISM AND MERCANTILISM |
206 |
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Progress of urban protectionism , ; |
206 |
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crafts and capitalists , ; |
208 |
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new forms of capitalistic commerce , ; |
210 |
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formation of a new class of capitalists , ; |
212 |
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princes and capitalists , ; |
214 |
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State intervention in economic life , ; |
216 |
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beginning of a mercantilist policy , . |
217 |
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General Bibliography |
221 |
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Index of Authors |
225 |
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General Index |
229 |
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