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• German Unification (1871)

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Germany, 1866-1945

by Gordon A. Craig. 836 pgs.

Contributors:

   Gordon A. Craig

Publisher:

   Clarendon Press

Place of Publication:

  Oxford  

Publication Year:

  1978

Subjects:

Germany--History--1866-1871, Germany--History--1871-1918, Germany--History--1918-1933, Germany--History--1933-1945

	CONTENTS
I.	THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY, 1866-1871	1
I.	Ending the War with Austria	3
II.	The Indemnity Law and the Settlement of the Prussian Constitutional Conflict	7
III.	The North German Confederation, the Problem of the Southern States, and Relations with France, 1866-1869	11
IV.	The Hohenzollern Candidacy in Spain and the Onset of War with France	22
V.	Politics and War, 1870-1871: Civil-Military Relations, War Aims, and the Proclamation of the Empire	27
VI.	Reactions to Victory	34
II.	THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE EMPIRE	38
I.	The National Executive and the Rights of the Separate States	39
II.	Limitations on Popular and Parliamentary Power	43
III.	Crown, Army, and Parliament	49
IV.	The Powers and Weaknesses of the Reich Chancellor	54
V.	Symbols of Nationhood and the Problems of National Identity	55
III.	THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE EMPIRE: POLITICS AND ECONOMICS, 1871-1879	61
I.	The Ascendancy of the National Liberals, 1871-1873	62
II.	Bismarck, the National Liberals, and the Attack upon Roman Catholicism	69
III.	The Gründerzeit, the Crash of 1873, and the Revival of Anti-Semitism	78
IV.	Pressure Groups, Tariffs, and Political Realignment, 1873-1879	85
V.	Economic and Political Results	98
IV.	IDEOLOGY AND INTEREST: THE LIMITATIONS OF DIPLOMACY, 1871-1890	101
I.	Conservative Solidarity and the War Scare of 1875	103
II.	Near Eastern Crisis, Congress of Berlin, and the Origins of Bismarck's System of Alliances, 1875-1882	110
III.	Colonial Agitation and the Foundation of the Overseas Empire	116
IV.	Strains in the Alliance System: Bulgarian Affairs and Army Interference, 1885-1888	124
V.	The Foreign Ministry and the Diplomatic Service under Bismarck	134
V.	THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AND BISMARCK'S FALL, 1879-1890	140
I.	The Law of 1878 and Socialist Tactics of Resistance	144
II.	Social Insurance Legislation, Christian Socialism, Anti-Semitism, and the Elections of 1881	150
III.	The Puttkamer Era in Prussia: Changes in Bureaucracy and Army	157
IV.	The Succession Question and the Kartell, 1884-1887	164
V.	Socialist Law, Coup d'État Politics, and the Dismissal of the Chancellor	171
VI.	Reactions	178
VI.	RELIGION, EDUCATION, AND THE ARTS	180
I.	The Established Churches	181
II.	Elementary and Secondary Education	186
III.	The Universities	192
IV.	Professors, Students, and Academic Freedom	198
V.	Women	207
VI.	The Artist and Society: Inwardness, Alienation, and the Apocalyptic Vision	213
VII.	THE NEW COURSE AND THE DETERIORATION OF GERMANY'S FOREIGN POSITION, 1890-1897	224
I.	William 11	225
II.	The Break with Russia and its Consequences	230
III.	Meddle and Muddle: Congo, Samoa, Shimoneseki, Transvaal	239
IV.	Public Opinion and Foreign Policy	247
VIII.	POLITICAL PARTIES, INTEREST GROUPS, AND THE FAILURE OF THE REICHSTAG, 1890-1914	251
I.	Caprivi and the Decline of Governmental Authority	252
II.	Hohenlohe and the Working Class: The Subversion and Penitentiary Bills, 1894-1900	261
III.	The Social Democratic Party: Trade-Unionism and Revisionism	266
IV.	Bülow and the Reichstag: Sammlungspolitik, Financial Problems, and the Daily Telegraph Affair, 1900-1909	272
V.	Bethmann Hollweg and the Stalemate of the Party System, 1909-1914	286
IX.	WELTPOLITIK, NAVALISM, AND THE COMING OF THE WAR, 1897-1914	302
I.	Tirpitz's Naval Programme and Relations with Great Britain	303
II.	Schlieffen and Moltke: Strategy and Decision-Making	314
III.	Bethmann Hollweg, the Arms Race, and the Crisis of 1914	324
IV.	Responsibility	337
X.	THE GREAT WAR, 1914-1918	339
I.	Operations, Diplomacy, Economy, 1914-1915	342
II.	War Aims: the Expansionist Groups and Bethmann Hollweg	358
III.	The Ascendancy of Hindenburg and Ludendorff and Bethmann's Dismissal, 1916-1917	368
IV.	The Last Phase	386
V.	Responsibility for the Defeat	395
XI.	FROM KIEL TO KAPP: THE ABORTED REVOLUTION, 1918-1920	396
I.	The End of the Monarchy	396
II.	The Suppression of the Extreme Left	402
III.	The Constitution, the Civil Service, the Judiciary, and the Educational System	415
IV.	The Versailles Treaty and the Kapp Putsch	424
V.	The Elections of June 1920	432
XII.	REPARATIONS, INFLATION, AND THE CRISIS OF 1923	434
I.	From the Spa Conference to the French Occupation of the Ruhr	435
II.	Inflation Days: Economic and Social Consequences	448
III.	Stresemann as Chancellor and the Crises in Dresden, Hamburg, and Munich	456
IV.	Stabilization	467
XIII.	WEIMAR CULTURE	469
I.	The Modern Spirit: the Experimental Theatre, the Bauhaus, and the New Music	470
II.	Manners and Morals	476
III.	Intellectuals and the Republic: Expressionists and New Objectives	479
IV.	Right-Wing Intellectuals	486
V.	Popular Entertainment: Film, Radio, Sport	495
XIV.	PARTY POLITICS AND FOREIGN POLICY, 1924-1930	498
I.	Parties, Coalitions, and Cabinet-Making	499
II.	Stresemann's Foreign Successes and their Cost	511
III.	The Müller Cabinet and the Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy	524
XV.	THE END OF WEIMAR	534
I.	The Brüning Government and the Elections of September 1930	534
II.	National Socialism: the Leader and the Party	543
III.	The Search for Diplomatic Success and Brüning's Fall	553
IV.	The Papen Government	560
V.	The Failure of Schleicher's Grand Design	565
XVI.	THE NAZI DICTATORSHIP: THE INSTRUMENTS OF POWER	569
I.	Consolidation: Reichstag Fire and Enabling Act	571
II.	Gleichschaltung	578
III.	Party and State: Duplication, Disharmony, and the SS	590
XVII.	THE NAZI REVOLUTION: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS	602
I.	Restoring the Economy: Achievements and Problems, 1933-1936	603
II.	The four Year Plan, 1936-1939	612
III.	National Socialism and the Working Class	618
IV.	Women and National Socialism	627
V.	The Expropriation of the Jews	631
VI.	Towards the Final Solution	636
XVIII.	CULTURAL DECLINE AND POLITICAL RESISTANCE	638
I.	Intellectuals and National Socialism	639
II.	Cultural Purges, Official Art, and the Film	645
III.	The Press, the Universities, and the Schools	657
IV.	The Resistance Movement	663
XIX.	HITLER AND EUROPE: FOREIGN POLICY, 1933-1939	673
I.	The Vulnerable Years, 1933-1934	678
II.	Saturday Surprises, the Rhineland Coup, the Axis, and the Anti-Comintern Pact, 1935-1937	684
III.	The Offensive: Austria and Czechoslovakia, 1938-1939	697
IV.	The Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Coming of the War	708
XX.	HITLER'S WAR, 1939-1945	714
I.	The Years of Victory, 1939-1941	715
II.	The Home Front: Economic Mobilization, Public Opinion, Propaganda	732
III.	The New Order in Europe: Occupation, Exploitation, Resettlement, and the Final Solution	740
IV.	El Alamein, Stalingrad, Normandy	751
V.	The Destruction of the Third Reich	758
VI.	Hitler's Revolution and the German Future	762
	APPENDIX: TRANSLATIONS OF THE EPIGRAPHS AND OTHER QUOTATIONS IN THE TEXT	765
	LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES CITED	774
	INDEX	811

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