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Ibn 'Aqil: Religion and Culture in Classical Islam
by George Makdisi. 298 pgs.
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publication details
 Table of contents
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CONTENTS |
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|
Preface |
xiii |
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Part One Ibn 'Aqil: His Life and Times |
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Section One: The Retraction and the Qadiri Creed |
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| I. |
Ibn 'Aqil's Public Retraction of 465/1072 |
|
| 1. |
Text of the Retraction |
3 |
| 2. |
Its Witness-Notaries |
5 |
| 3. |
Import and Significance of the Retraction |
5 |
| 4. |
Hanbali Historians and Ibn 'Aqil |
6 |
| 5. |
Hallajism, Mu'tazilism, and Ibn 'Aqil |
7 |
| II. |
Edicts and Creed of Caliph al-Qadir |
|
| 1. |
Edicts of al-Qadir and Edicts of al-Ma'mun |
8 |
| 2. |
Al-Qa'im's Proclamation of the Qadiri Creed |
9 |
| 3. |
Proximate and Remote Causes for Edicts and Creed |
10 |
| 4. |
Import and Significance of the Qadiri Creed |
10 |
| 5. |
Application of the Creed's Terms |
11 |
| III. |
Retraction and Qadiri Creed in Western Scholarship |
|
|
1. The Retraction |
12 |
|
The Retraction Discovered by Ignaz Goldziher |
12 |
|
Louis Massignon's Interest in the Retraction |
13 |
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The Retraction in History |
14 |
|
The Retraction in Ibn 'Aqil's Life |
14 |
| 2. |
The Qadiri Creed 15 |
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The Qadiri Creed Discovered by Adam Mez |
15 |
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The Creed Absent from Wensinck's Muslim Creed |
15 |
|
The Background of the Qadiri Creed |
16 |
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|
Section Two: The Biography of Ibn 'Aqil |
|
| I. |
Birth, Family, and Early Studies: 431-47 |
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| 1. |
Date and Place of Birth |
17 |
| 2. |
Family Background |
17 |
| 3. |
Hanafi-Mu'tazili Origins |
18 |
| 4. |
Two Cultural Forces: Humanism and Scholasticism |
19 |
| 5. |
Maktab-School Studies: To 446 20 |
|
| II. |
Legal Studies and Change of Guild: 447-58 |
|
| 1. |
First Year of College in Hanafi Law |
21 |
| 2. |
Turning-Point: Hanbali Patron and Hanbali Guild |
21 |
| 3. |
Legal Studies in the Hanbali Guild |
23 |
| III. |
Beginning of Professorial Career: 458-60 |
|
| 1. |
Professorial Chair in Mosque of al-Mansur |
23 |
| 2. |
Trouble with Sharīf Abu Ja'far |
24 |
| 3. |
Death of Patron-Protector, Abu Mansur Ibn Yusuf |
25 |
| IV. |
Persecution, Prison, and Retraction: 458-65 |
|
| 1. |
Events Reported Prior to the Retraction |
29 |
| 2. |
Negotiations Leading to Exile |
36 |
| 3. |
Long Period of Silence Before the Retraction |
41 |
| 4. |
Legal Basis and Underlying Motive for the Retraction |
41 |
| 5. |
Hallaj and Ibn 'Aqil |
43 |
| 6. |
Mu'tazilism and Ibn 'Aqil |
43 |
| V. |
Period of Obscurity: 460-70 |
43 |
| VI. |
Resumption of Professorial Career: c.470-c.513 |
|
| 1. |
Students of Ḥadīth |
44 |
| 2. |
Students of Law |
45 |
| VII. |
Ibn 'Aqil in the Judgement of Posterity |
|
| 1. |
Silafi (d. 576/1180) |
46 |
| 2. |
Ibn al-Jauzi (d. 597/1200) |
47 |
| 3. |
Ibn Qudama (d. 623/1220) |
47 |
| 4. |
Majd ad-Din b. Taimiya (d. 652/1254) |
48 |
| 5. |
Taqi ad-Din Ibn Taimiya (d. 728/1328) |
48 |
| 6. |
Dhahabi (d. 748/1347) |
49 |
| 7. |
Ibn Shakir al-Kutubi (d. 764/1363) |
50 |
| 8. |
Ibn Kathir (d. 774/1373) |
50 |
| 9. |
Ibn Rajab (d. 795/1393) |
50 |
|
Notes to Part One |
51 |
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|
|
|
Part Two Ibn 'Aqil and Scholasticism |
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|
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|
|
Section One: The Organisation of Professional Higher learning |
|
|
Preliminary Remarks |
57 |
| I. |
The Guild of Law |
|
| 1. |
Transformation of Law Madhhab into Legal Guild 60 |
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|
Three Stages in the Development of the Law Madhhab |
60 |
|
Motivation for Ṭ abaqāt-Biography |
61 |
|
Change in the Arrangement of the Ṭ abaāat |
61 |
|
Ṭ abaqat and the Law Madhhab as Legal Guild |
62 |
|
One Legal Guild Inclusive of All Traditionalists |
62 |
|
Ṭ abaqāt-Biography and the Rise of Multiple Guilds |
64 |
|
Pervasiveness of Traditionalism |
64 |
| 2. |
Scholasticism and Orthodoxy |
65 |
| II. |
The Wāḍiḥ and the Guild College Curriculum |
|
| 1. |
Original Scholarship and Learning |
66 |
| 2. |
Ibn 'Aqil's Wāḍiḥ and the Law Curriculum |
69 |
|
The Wāḍiḥ: A Summa on Uṣ ū l al-Fiqh |
69 |
|
The Wāḍiḥ: An Antidote to Kalām-Works |
69 |
|
The Wāḍiḥs Four Books and the Law Curriculum |
69 |
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The Magisterium of the Jurisconsult-Theologian |
70 |
|
Objects and Instruments of Sciences |
71 |
|
Conclusion to the First Book of the Wāḍiḥ. |
72 |
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Section Two: Theologies and Orthodoxy |
|
| I. |
Three Theologies and their Technical Terms |
|
| 1. |
Kalām |
73 |
| 2. |
Uṣ ū l al-Fiqh |
73 |
| 3. |
Uṣ ū l ad-Dīn |
74 |
| 4. |
Ambiguity of the Three Terms |
75 |
| II. |
Two 'Methods' for Uṣīl al-Fiqh |
|
| 1. |
The 'Method of the Mutakallim ū n' |
76 |
| 2. |
The 'Method of the Fuqahā" |
78 |
| III. |
Ibn 'Aqil's Theology of the Two Uṣīls |
|
| 1. |
Ibn 'Aqil's Works on Theology |
85 |
| 2. |
The Wāḍiḥ's Two Uṣīls and Orthodoxy |
85 |
| 3. |
Natural Theology and Juridical Theology |
88 |
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|
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|
Section Three: Main Currents of Ibn 'Aqil's Thought |
|
| I. |
The Roots of Knowledge |
90 |
| II. |
Reason |
|
| 1. |
Definition |
92 |
| 2. |
Reason, God's Gift |
92 |
| 3. |
Rights of Reason |
93 |
| 4. |
Intoxication and Reason |
94 |
| 5. |
Functions of Reason |
94 |
| 6. |
Three Categories of Men Regarding Reason |
95 |
| 7. |
Reason and Revelation |
96 |
| 8. |
Reconciliation of Reason and Revelation |
97 |
| 9. |
Reason and Uṣīl ad-Dīn |
98 |
| 10. |
Reason and Uṣīl al-Fiqh |
99 |
| III. |
Truth |
|
| 1. |
Truth and Disputations |
100 |
| 2. |
Attorney and Guilty Client |
101 |
| IV. |
The Divine Attributes |
|
| 1. |
The Basic Traditionalist Doctrine |
101 |
| 2. |
Divisions of the Traditional Divine Attributes |
102 |
| 3. |
Imrār, Balkafa, and Ta'wīl |
102 |
| 4. |
Ambivalence and Contradictions |
104 |
| 5. |
Hanbali Ambivalence on the Verse of the Throne |
107 |
| 6. |
Divine Existence |
110 |
| 7. |
Divine Knowledge |
112 |
| 8. |
Divine Speech |
113 |
| 9. |
Divine Will and Power |
121 |
| 10. |
Names of God |
122 |
| V. |
Obligation and the Problem of Good and Evil |
|
| 1. |
The Roots of Obligation |
124 |
| 2. |
Reason and Revelation in Relation to Good and Evil |
125 |
| 3. |
Before the Advent of Revelation |
128 |
| 4. |
The Imposition of Obligation Beyond Man's Capacity |
131 |
| VI. |
Prophetology |
|
|
1. Muhammad the Man |
132 |
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Muhammad's Religion |
132 |
|
His Merit |
132 |
|
His Qualities |
132 |
|
The Formula of God's Blessing upon Him |
133 |
|
The Excellence of His Mosque |
133 |
|
His Attraction to Women |
133 |
| 2. |
Muhammad the Messenger |
134 |
|
His Mission |
134 |
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His Veracity |
134 |
|
The Validity of His Mission |
135 |
|
The Universality of His Mission |
135 |
|
Conversion Not by the Sword |
136 |
|
His Trials |
136 |
| 3. |
The Prophet's Miracles |
137 |
|
The Miracle as Sign of Prophethood |
137 |
|
His Miracles |
137 |
|
Risk in Foretelling the Future |
138 |
| 4. |
The Prophet and the Qur'an |
138 |
|
The Qur'an Not Authored by the Prophet |
138 |
|
The Prophet's Condition on Receiving the Revelation |
139 |
|
The Qur'an's I'jāz and the Sarfa |
140 |
| 5. |
The Prophet's Pervasive Islam and Batinism |
141 |
| VII. |
Eschatology |
|
| 1. |
The Resurrection |
142 |
| 2. |
Repentance |
144 |
| 3. |
Punishment After Death |
145 |
| 4. |
The Beatific Vision |
147 |
| 5. |
Angelology |
148 |
| 6. |
Demonology |
148 |
| VIII. |
The Traditionalist Creed |
|
| 1. |
The Danger of Kalām for the Muslim Creed |
149 |
| 2. |
'The Road of Safety' |
149 |
|
Notes to Part Two |
150 |
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|
|
Part Three Ibn'Aqil and Humanism |
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Section One: Humanism and Government |
|
| I. |
Government and the Revealed Law |
|
| 1. |
Ādāb Shar'īya and Siyāsa Shar'īya |
159 |
| 2. |
The Oath of Allegiance to the Caliph |
160 |
| 3. |
Religious Intellectuals and the Governing Power |
162 |
| 4. |
Consensus and Governance |
163 |
| 5. |
Leadership and Statesmanship |
164 |
| 6. |
Religion and Government in the Eyes of the Law |
167 |
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|
| II. |
'Ordering the Good and Prohibiting Evil' |
|
|
Preliminary Remarks |
168 |
| 1. |
The Principle's Significance in Relation to Uṣīl al-Fiqh |
168 |
| 2. |
Requisites for its Application and Some Cases |
168 |
| 3. |
The Principle as Gauge of the True Faith |
172 |
| 4. |
Circumstances Considered |
174 |
| III. |
Application of the Principle |
|
|
Plreliminary Remarks |
175 |
| 1. |
Praise |
177 |
|
Admirationfor the Early Mystics |
177 |
|
Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855) |
178 |
|
Ibn al-Bazkurdi (d. 460/1067) and Ibn Zibibya (d. 460/1067) |
179 |
|
Abu 'l-Hasan al-Amidi (d. 467/1074-5) |
180 |
|
Sharīf Abu Ja'far (d. 470/1077) |
180 |
|
Ibn al-Banna' (d. 471/1078) |
181 |
|
Abu Ishaq ash-Shirazi (d. 476/1083) |
182 |
|
Abu 'l-Wafa' Ibn al-Qauwas (d. 476/1083) |
182 |
|
Ibn as-Sabbagh (d. 477/1084) and ad-Damaghani (d. 478/1085) |
183 |
|
Ya'qub al-Barzabini (d. 486/1093) |
183 |
|
Abu Bakr ash-Shami (d. 488/1095) |
183 |
|
Abu Muhammad ai-Tamimi (d. 488/1095) |
184 |
|
Abu 'l-Fadl al-Hamadhani (d. 489/1096) |
184 |
|
Nur al-Huda az-Zainabi (d. 512/1118) |
184 |
|
Abu Mansur Ibn Yusuf (d. 460/1067) and Abu Tahir Yusuf (d. 512/1118) |
184 |
|
Nizam al-Mulk (d. 485/1092) |
188 |
| 2. |
Critique |
189 |
|
Letter to Rudhrawari |
189 |
|
Letter to Nizam al-Mulk in 484/1091 |
190 |
|
Letter to Sultan Malikshah |
191 |
|
The Hanbali Legal Guild |
191 |
|
Candid Characterisation of the Hanbalis |
192 |
|
The Times at the Turn of the Century |
193 |
|
The Inconstancy of Men |
193 |
|
The Influence of Men on their Times |
194 |
|
Divine Providence and the Times |
195 |
|
The Lack of Religious Intellectuals |
195 |
| 3. |
Censure |
196 |
|
Censure, Excommunication, and Pain of Death |
196 |
|
Letter to Prime Minister Ibn Jahir in 488/1095 |
197 |
|
Two Letters to Chief Judge ad-Damaghani, fils |
198 |
|
The Profligacy of Caliph Walid b. Yazid |
201 |
|
The General's Boast of Invading Mecca |
202 |
|
Ignorance of Religion by High Officials |
202 |
|
|
|
|
Worldliness of Religious Intellectuals |
203 |
|
Improper Use of Qur'anic Verses |
203 |
|
Heresy of Ibn ar-Rawandi |
204 |
|
Qazwini's Denial of Divine Prescience |
205 |
|
Preacher of Ash'arism, al-Bakri |
206 |
|
Heresy of Poet Ma'arri |
206 |
|
Suspected Heresy of Poet Ibn Sarr-Ba'r |
207 |
|
Eager Desire |
207 |
|
The Visiting of Tombs |
209 |
|
Magic and Superstition |
213 |
|
Sham Sufis |
216 |
|
Sufi Justification of Sensual Love |
217 |
|
Fatalism Among Sufis and Ascetics |
218 |
|
Section Two: Humanist Disciplines and Topics |
|
| I. |
The Art of the Sermon |
|
| 1. |
Qualities of the Preacher |
220 |
| 2. |
Excesses and Pagan Practices |
221 |
| 3. |
Perils of Preaching |
222 |
| 4. |
Relations Between God and Man |
222 |
| II. |
Virtue and Vice |
|
| 1. |
Virtue |
229 |
|
Manly Virtue |
229 |
|
Humility and Courage |
229 |
|
Friendship |
230 |
|
Loyalty |
232 |
| 2. |
Vice |
232 |
|
Hypocrisy and Signs of the Hypocrite |
232 |
|
Pride and Conceit |
234 |
|
Greed and Miserliness |
235 |
| III. |
Maxims and Aphorisms |
|
| 1. |
On Society and Social Intercourse |
236 |
| 2. |
On the Need for Discretion About One's Habits |
238 |
| 3. |
On Virtue and Vice |
238 |
|
From the Prophet Muhammad |
239 |
|
From the Prophet David |
240 |
|
From Caliph 'Ali |
240 |
|
From Buzurgmihr |
241 |
|
From Quss b. Sa'ida |
241 |
|
From al-Ahnaf b. Qais (d. 72/691) to His Son |
241 |
|
From al-Harith b. Kalada (d. 50/670) |
242 |
|
From 'Utba b. Abi Sufyan (d. 44/664) to His Sons' Tutor |
242 |
|
From al-Hasan al-Basri (d. 110/728) |
242 |
|
From 'Ali b. 'Ubaida ar-Raihani (d. 219/834) |
243 |
|
From Abu Mansur ath-Tha'alibi (d. 429/1038) |
243 |
|
From Anonymous Wise Men |
243 |
|
IV. Philology |
|
| 1. |
Grammar |
245 |
| 2. |
Lexicography |
245 |
|
V. Poetry and a Meditation |
|
| 1. |
A Sampling of Poems |
247 |
|
Friendship |
247 |
|
Jest |
248 |
|
Flirtation |
248 |
|
Love at First Sight |
248 |
|
Love in Juyisconsults' Poetry' |
249 |
|
Death of his Son, 'Aqil |
249 |
|
Life's Heavy Blows |
249 |
|
Death Threat |
250 |
|
Transient Material World |
250 |
|
Desire for Deliverance |
250 |
| 2. |
A Meditation in His Ninth Decade |
250 |
|
Notes to Part Three |
251 |
|
Conclusion |
257 |
|
Bibliography |
262 |
|
Index |
269 |
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