Italy
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
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Religious Studies, Education, Psychology, History, Literature, Philosophy, Entire Library
...who is the head of state, is elected by both...and governments. History The following generalized...creation of the Papal States . At the same time...north of the Papal States. The popes, by exerting...commune and city-state ), beginning in the...cities in the Papal States passed under local...established in 1796, were united (1797) as the Cisalpine...Napoleons brother-in-law. Sardinia remained...growth led to mass emigration, both to the industrial...aggravated by drastic immigration restrictions in the...