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People, Jobs and Economic Development: A Case History of Puerto Rico Supplemented by Recent Mexican Experiences

by A. J. Jaffe. 386 pgs.

Contributors:

   A. J. Jaffe

Publisher:

   Free Press

Place of Publication:

  Glencoe, IL  

Publication Year:

  1959

Subjects:

Working Class--Puerto Rico, Labor Movement--Puerto Rico, Labor--Puerto Rico, Working Class--Mexico, Labor Movement--Mexico, Labor--Mexico, Puerto Rico--Economic Conditions--1918-

	CONTENTS
	Foreword	i
	Preface	xi
	Acknowledgments	xviii
1.	The General Argument	3
	Definitions of economic growth	3
	Population growth and economic development	7
	Employment levels and economic development	14
	Population growth and employment levels	19
	Political implications	23
	PART 1. PUERTO RICO'S EXPERIENCES
	2. The Setting for Economic Development	26
	Before and after World War II	28
	The economic development program	29
3.	Economic Change in Historical Perspective	32
	Historical trends	33
	Developments since 1940	38
4.	Trends in Population Growth	52
	Growth in the numbers of people	53
	The birth rate	55
	The death rate	60
	Rate of natural increase	63
	Migration out of Puerto Rico	64
	Implications for the future	67
5.	Employment and Unemployment	73
	Growth of the working force, 1910 to 1957	73
	Employment and unemployment, 1947 to 1956	81
6.	Industrial and Occupational Changes	97
	Industrial changes	97
	Occupational changes	109
	Occupational structure of manufacturing	117
	Unemployment and underemployment by industry	119
7.	Wages and Labor Utilization	125
	Earnings	129
	Labor productivity	137
	Wage earners' families and income distribution	142
8.	School Attendance	144
	Progress toward the goal of universal education	145
	School attendance and population composition	148
	School attendance and labor force participation	149
	PART II. IMPLICATIONS FOR OTHER UNDERDEVELOPED AREAS
9.	Changes in Employment Lovels--A Model	153
	The model	156
	Relationship of foreign trade to the model	163
	The rate of increase of labor productivity and the model	166
	Labor shortages in an underdeveloped economy	169
10.	The Birth Rate and Economic Growth	176
	Marital status and urban-rural residence	178
	Education and labor force status	183
	Fertility and home industries	193
	Implications for other developing economies	194
11.	Education and Economic Development	199
	Educational level of men and the labor force in Puerto Rico	202
	Educational level of women and the labor force in Puerto Rico	210
	Implications for other underdeveloped countries	214
12.	The Role of Government	217
	Attitudes of the people and of the government officials	220
	The historical setting	224
	Programs of the Puerto Rican government and their results	225
	The contribution of the United States to the Puerto Rican development program	235
	Implications for other underdeveloped countries	239
	Implications for developed countries	244
	The Model Applied: Mexico	247
	Economic growth	248
	Population growth	250
	Educational levels and school attendance	255
	Shifts in the industrial composition of the working force and growth of volume of production	256
	Growth of service and white collar jobs	263
	Mexico did not need an increase in its working force	265
	Summary	269
	APPENDIXES
	A. The Puerto Rican Labor Force Survey-- Definitions and Explanations	271
	B. Further Details on the Activities of the Puerto Rico Economic Development Administration	277
	C. The Concept and Measurement of Underemployment	287
	The concept of underemployment	289
	Measuring underemployment in Puerto Rico	290
	Test results 293
	Employment status in 1953	296
	Conclusion	299
	D. Suggestions for a Supplemental Grouping of the Occupational Classification System	300
	Introduction	300
	Inadequacy of present systems for problems of economic development	301
	Proposed supplemental grouping	305
	Suggested procedures for classifying occupations	308
	Application of the threefold classification to Puerto Rico as a trial case	312
	E. Differential Growth of Regions 319
	Population growth in the several parts of the Island	322
	Economic opportunity and growth	331
	Summary and implications	344
	Notes	350
	Bibliography	369
	Index	376

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