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Relief and Social Security

by Lewis Meriam. 914 pgs.

Contributors:

   Lewis Meriam

Publisher:

   The Brookings Institution

Place of Publication:

  Washington, DC  

Publication Year:

  1946

Subjects:

Social Security--United States, Public Welfare--United States, Social Security--Great Britain, Social Security--New Zealand

	CONTENTS
	INTRODUCTION	1
	PART I. AMERICAN RELIEF AND SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAMS
I.	HISTORICAL EVOLUTION	7
	Early Developments	7
	Shift to Federal Action	10
	The W.P.A	13
	Social Security and Other Programs	16
	Division of Responsibility	19
II.	OLD-AGE ASSISTANCE	22
	Forces Leading to the Development of the Present Program	23
	Title I of the Social Security Act Of 1935	24
	The Definition of Need	27
	The Level or Standard of Relief	33
	Statistics of Old-Age Assistance by States	36
	Methods of Financing	45
	Administration	46
III.	AID TO DEPENDENT CHILDREN	53
	The Evolution of Aid for Dependent Children	53
	Aid Under the Social Security Act	56
	What the States Have Done	58
	Statistics of the Program	61
IV.	THE NEEDY BLIND	68
	Social Security Act Provisions	69
	Questions Regarding Other Needy Classes	72
V.	OLD-AGE AND SURVIVORS INSURANCE	74
	The System in Broad Outline	75
	Contributions and Finance	79
	The Benefit Formula	93
	Modifications of the Benefit Formula	101
	Persons Insured	108
	Coverage	113
	Benefits Earned by Men	115
	Benefits Earned by Women	121
	Equities, Forfeitures, and Options	125
	Definitions	126
	Equities	129
	Forfeitures	131
	Optional Methods of Settlement	132
	O.A.S.I. Compared with Old-Age Assistance	133
VI.	THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT SYSTEM	141
	Coverage	141
	Contributions	143
	Inadequacies of the Contribution Rates	146
	Benefits	150
	Administration	160
VII.	THE NATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE RETIREMENT SYSTEM	164
	Historical Background	164
	The Act of 1920	169
	The Present Law	171
	Financial Security	181
VIII.	UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE	183
	Historical Development	184
	The Provisions of the National Law	188
	The Laws of the Several States and Territories	197
	Financing State Systems Including Experience Rating	221
	Administration	232
	Overhead Organization	234
	Appeals	238
	Reciprocal Relations	240
IX.	THE RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT SYSTEM	243
	Coverage	243
	Financing	243
	Benefit Provisions	244
	Qualification and Disqualification	253
	Administration	261
X.	PROGRAMS FOR FARMERS AND FARM WORKERS	271
	Relevant Distinctions Between Farming and Other Industries	272
	General Aid to Farmers	278
	Special Programs to Meet Individual Need	282
	The Tenant Purchase Program	291
	Rehabilitation Loans and Grants	295
	The Resettlement Projects	312
	Difficulties with Programs	318
	Migratory Labor Camps	324
XI.	DISTRIBUTION OF SURPLUS COMMODITIES	327
	History	328
	Size of the Program	331
	Problems in the Program	334
XII.	THE W.P.A. AND OTHER WORK AGENCIES	345
	Evolution of W.P.A	345
	The Selection of Projects	361
	The Selection of Workers	375
	Wages and Hours	382
	Financial Aspects	392
	Organization of the W.P.A	408
	Results of the Program	412
XIII.	THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS AND THE NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION	428
	The Under-Trained Youth	428
	The Civilian Conservation Corps	434
	Selection	436
	Wages and Costs	438
	Term of Enrollment	439
	Size	440
	Usefulness	440
	The National Youth Administration	445
	The Student-Aid Program	445
	N.Y.A. Out-of-School Work Projects	450
	The Residence Center Program	456
	PART II. BRITISH EFFORTS FOR UNIVERSAL COVERAGE, COMPREHENSIVENESS, AND CO-ORDINATION
XIV.	INTRODUCTION TO PART II	463
XV.	THE PROPOSED PROGRAM OF GREAT BRITAIN	469
	Universal Coverage	469
	Comprehensiveness and Integration	473
	Contribution Rates	482
	Consideration of the Several Benefits	485
	Workmen's Compensation	498
	The Costs of Social Insurance	507
XVI.	THE NEW ZEALAND SYSTEM	515
	Outline of the Plan	516
	Financing of the System	519
	Universality of Coverage	522
	Old-Age Benefits	523
	Widows' Benefits	532
	Orphans' Benefits	534
	Family Benefit	535
	Invalids' Benefit	538
	Miners' Benefits	540
	Sickness Benefits	541
	Unemployment Benefits	543
	War Benefits	546
	Finance and Costs	546
	PART III. MAJOR ISSUES TODAY
	XVII. INTRODUCTION TO PART III	555
	A. Social Considerations
XVIII.	THE OBJECTIVES OF RELIEF AND SOCIAL INSURANCE	558
	The Prevention of Want	558
	Guaranteed Income	564
	Redistribution of Purchasing Power	565
	Equalization of Income	568
XIX.	THE NATURE OF NEED	571
	Need Not Considered in Terms of Money	571
	The Major Requirements	572
	Responsibility of Relatives	588
XX.	THE MEANS TEST	593
	Defects of the Means Test	593
	The Merits of the Means Test	596
XXI.	COVERAGE	599
XXII.	HAZARDS TO BE RECOGNIZED	603
XXIII.	SIZE OF BENEFITS IN GENERAL	607
	Relation of Benefits to Earnings	607
	Relation of Benefits to Cost of Living	610
	Relation of Benefits to Costs of the System	615
XXIV.	FACTORS AFFECTING SPECIFIC BENEFITS	617
	Old-Age Benefits	617
	Disability Benefits	623
	Sickness	629
	Unemployment	633
	Death	641
XXV.	DEPENDENTS	642
	Children	644
	Women	648
	Parents	653
	B. Cost Problems
XXVI.	THE MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING COST	656
XXVII.	COSTS OF SOCIAL SECURITY AND RELIEF	658
	Estimated Future Costs of Various Systems	661
	Estimates of Cost of a Universal, Comprehensive System Based on 1940 Census Data	668
	Estimated Costs of a Means-Test System	683
	Comparison Between Means Test and No-Means Test Cost	690
XXVIII.	METHODS OF FINANCING	691
	Contributions From Employers	691
	Contributions From Employees	700
	Earmarked Special Taxes	709
	General Taxes	712
	Borrowing	716
XXIX.	ARE RESERVES NECESSARY IN SOCIAL INSURANCE?	719
	Reserves in Old-Age Insurance	719
	Reserves in Unemployment Insurance	725
	Reserves for Medical Care	729
	Reserves for Disability Insurance	730
XXX.	OBLIGATIONS FOR THE FUTURE	731
	C. Administrative Problems
XXXI.	CO-ORDINATION IN SOCIAL SECURITY AND RELIEF	737
	Complexities and Anomalies	737
	The National Government and Policies	739
	Nationally Determined Minimum Standards	746
XXXII.	DISTRIBUTION OF COSTS AMONG LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT	749
	Basic Elements in the Problem	750
	Possible Methods	759
XXXIII.	DIVISION OF ADMINISTRATION	773
	Administrative Discretion	773
	Administrative Organization and Procedure	779
XXXIV.	SOCIAL SERVICE AND SOCIAL SECURITY	801
	Typical Classes of Cases	802
	The Need for Family Case Work	805
	Service the Case Worker May Render	806
	The Point of View of Case Workers	807
	Examiners of the Detective Type	809
	Business Investigators	811
	XXXV. RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER AGENCIES 814
	The Employment Service	814
	The Schools	818
	The Health Service	821
	Agricultural Agencies	823
XXXVI.	THE MERIT SYSTEM IN ADMINISTRATION OF RELIEF AND SOCIAL SECURITY	826
XXXVII.	CONCLUSIONS FROM EXPERIENCE	830
	The Rights of the Individual	831
	The Place of Social Security and Relief	834
	The Objectives of Relief and Social Insurance	835
	The Nature of Need	839
	The Means Test	840
	Coverage	844
	Hazards to be Covered	844
	The Size of the Benefits	845
	Dependents	846
	Costs	846
	Methods of Financing	847
	Level Premiums and Actuarial Reserves	853
	Co-ordination in Social Security and Relief	858
	Division of Administration	863
	Social Services and Social Security	865
	Relationship with Other Agencies	867
	The Merit System and High Standards of Administration	869
	APPENDIX
	THE USE OF CENSUS DATA IN ESTIMATING COSTS	871
I.	The Old-Age Pension	871
II.	Children's Allowances	874
III.	Women's Benefits	877
IV.	Men's Benefits	889
V.	Medical Care	890
VI.	Maternity Benefits	893
VII.	Funeral Benefits	894
VIII.	Unemployment Insurance	895