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The American Direct Primary: Party Institutionalization and Transformation in the North

by Alan Ware. 270 pgs.

Contributors:

   Alan Ware

Publisher:

   Cambridge University Press

Place of Publication:

  Cambridge, England  

Publication Year:

  2002

Subjects:

Primaries--United States--History, Political Parties--United States--History, United States--Politics And Government

	Tables page	x
	Abbreviations	xi
	Preface and Acknowledgments	xiii
1	Introduction	1
1.	Patterns of Social Division and/or Political Ideology	2
2.	Political Culture	5
3.	Governmental Decentralization	12
4.	Explaining the Rise of the Direct Primary	15
5.	North and South	18
6.	Institutionalization of the Parties	20
7.	Organization of the Book	25
	a. how the direct primary arose
2	The Catalytic Effect of Ballot Reform	31
1.	The Adoption of the Australian Ballot	31
2.	Informal Procedures and the Problems of Scale	32
3.	Reformers' Promotion of the Australian Ballot	39
4.	Variants of the Australian Ballot in the United States	41
	(i) Pure Office Block	41
	(ii) Office Block Ballot with Straight Ticket Provision	42
	(iii) Pure Party Column	42
	(iv) Party Column without Box	42
	(v) “Shoestring” Ballot	42
5.	The Positions of Reformers and Parties in Relation to the Type of Ballot Used	43
6.	The Weakness of Opposition to the Australian Ballot	45
7.	Success and Failure for Antiparty Reformers	47
8.	Ballot Reform and Interparty Competition	51
9.	Concluding Remarks	55
3	Legal Control of Party Activity	57
1.	Candidate Selection in the Nineteenth Century	57
2.	The Problems with the Caucus-Convention System	63
	(i) Participation	65
	(ii) Logistics	68
	(iii) Fraud	70
	(iv) Control	73
	(v) The Interconnections of the Four Factors	76
3.	The Impact of the Australian Ballot	77
4.	The 1898 National Conference	81
5.	Why Legal Controls over Parties were Introduced	84
6.	Did Legal Control Turn Parties into Public Utilities?	90
7.	Concluding Remarks	93
4	The Spread of Direct Nominations	95
1.	The Rising Popularity of the Crawford County System	97
2.	The Rural and Midwestern Base of Direct Elections	100
3.	The Impact of the Southern Experience	102
4.	Direct Nominations Move to the City: Cleveland	105
5.	Statewide Legislation and the Direct Primary: Kentucky	108
6.	The Legally Mandated Direct Primary in Minneapolis, 1899	110
7.	The States Convert to Direct Primaries, 1903–1915	117
8.	Insurgency and Party Reform in Wisconsin	124
9.	Concluding Remarks	127
	b. why the direct primary was introduced	129
5	Reformers versus Urban Machines?	131
1.	Massachusetts	132
2.	Pennsylvania	138
3.	Missouri	145
4.	Illinois	150
5.	New York	154
6.	Concluding Remarks	160
6	The Impact of Party Competition	162
1.	Competition in the United States before the Mid-1890s	163
2.	Party Competition after the Mid-1890s	168
3.	Why the Democrats were Disadvantaged	176
4.	Changes in Party Competition and the Rise of the Direct Primary	178
5.	Competition as a Stimulant to Nomination Reform	180
6.	Party Competition and Political Exclusion: Southern New England	183
7.	Political Reform and the Direct Primary in Connecticut	189
8.	Concluding Remarks	195
7	Explaining an “Irrational” Reform	196
1.	The Constraint Imposed by Public Opinion	199
2.	Reformers and the Invention of a “Solution”	203
	(i) Logistics	204
	(ii) Fraud	205
	(iii) Control	206
	(iv) Participation	207
3.	Consensus over the Direct Primary: The Case of New Jersey	211
4.	Could the Parties Have Done More to Protect Themselves?	214
5.	Concluding Remarks	223
	c. what happened next ?	225
8	Reaction and Aftermath	227
1.	Reaction Against the Direct Primary	227
2.	The State of the Parties in 1930	231
3.	The Delayed Impact of the Direct Primary	242
4.	Changes in the Direct Primary Since the 1920s	246
5.	The Direct Primary and the Presidential Primary	248
6.	Concluding Remarks	254
9	Conclusions	255
	Index	265

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