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The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence Vol II

by Albert Faust Bernhardt. 605 pgs.

Contributors:

   Albert Faust Bernhardt

Publisher:

   Houghton Mifflin Company

Place of Publication:

  Boston  

Publication Year:

  1909

Subjects:

Germans--United States

	CONTENTS
	INTRODUCTION	1
	CHAPTER I AN ESTIMATE OF THE NUMBER OF PERSONS OF GERMAN BROOD IN THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES
	Previous investigations	5
	Mannhardt's work reviewed by Böekh	5
	Division of the subject into three problems	6
	The total number of persons of German parentage in the United States in 1900	7
	The number of persons of German blood in the United States in 1790, and the number of their descendants in 1900	12
	The number of the descendants of German immigrants of the period 1790-1900 not already enumerated	18
	The addition of the results of these questions yields a total of about eighteen millions, which represents approximately the number of persons of German blood within the United States in 1900	23
	Comparison with the numerical strength of the English and Irish elements	24
	CHAPTER II THE INFLUENCE OF THE GERMANS IN THE MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY
	I. THEIR PROMINENCE IN AGRICULTURE AND DEPENDENT MANUFACTURES
	The Germans as farmers	28
	Leading traits	28
	As owners of homesteads	31
	Settlement of the limestone areas	34
	Their choice of land with rich forest growth	35
	The best farmers in the United States	35
	American specialties produced by Germans	37
	Fruit-growing -- Schwerdkopf, the first strawberry-grower in New York	38
	Viniculture in California, Missouri, etc.	39
	Anaheim, California	52
	Work in the science of agriculture	52
	Adaptability of the German farmer	55
	Allied pursuits	56
	Forestry	56
	Nurseries	60
	Gardening	62
	Landscape gardening	63
	The manufacture of food products	65
	Preserving and pickling	65
	Milling and manufacture of cereals	66
	Sugar and salt industries	68
	Small producers; butchers; bakers	72
	Stock-raising	73
	Brewing	74
	Hotels	74
	Summary of chapter	76
	CHAPTER III GERMAN INFLUENCE ON THE MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNITED STATES
	II. IN TECHNICAL BRANCHES; IN OTHER MANUFACTURES
	Technical schools of Germany the cause of the prominence of Germans in all technical branches in the United States	77
	Bridge-building: Röbling, Schneider, and others	78
	Civil and electrical engineers: Fink, Haupt, Steinmetz, Hammer, and many others	80
	Mining engineers: Sutro, Eilers, etc.	87
	Chemical industries, chemical and pharmaceutical preparations, patent medicines; importers	89
	Manufacturers of scientific apparatus	91
	Inventors and manufacturers of machines, agricultural, etc.	91
	Manufacture of glass, pottery, etc.; Amelung, Stiegel, and others	91
	Manufacture of iron and steel; Stiegel, Fritz, Anschütz, Frick, Schwab	95
	Hygienic clothing	100
	Felt	101
	Leather	101
	Cabinet- and wagon-makers; car manufacturers	102
	Naval architecture	105
	Navigation and shipping	107
	Industries concerned with the arts	108
	Lithography: Prang, Bien, Hoen	108
	The linotype	110
	Manufacture of musical instruments	111
	Violins and guitars: Gemünder, Martin	111
	Pianos: Steinway, Knabe, Weber, etc.	113
	Various other manufactures	118
	Captains of industry	119
	Summary of chapter	120
	CHAPTER IV POLITICAL INFLUENCE OF THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
	Popular impression concerning the Germans in politics	122
	Their position defined	122
	An influence of colonial times	124
	Their support of the Constitution of the United States	125
	Germans active in the political issues of the nineteenth century	126
	The question of slavery	126
	German leaders induce German voters to join the Republican Party	130
	Carl Schurz; the Chicago Convention of 1860	133
	Reputation of Schurz	135
	The Germans in the Border States	136
	The question of the civil service; Carl Schurz as Secretary of the Interior institutes civil service reform	137
	Sound money	139
	Party reform	140
	Peace congresses: Holls, Bartholdt	144
	Personal liberty	146
	Resolutions on temperance and Sunday observance by the National German-American Alliance	147
	Activity in connection with Hepburn-Dolliver Bill	149
	The German language in the public schools, etc.	150
	Independent voting	153
	Benjamin Franklin's nativism and testimony	153
	Jacob Leisler, an independent in politics	155
	Carl Schurz, the "original independent"	155
	Several types of German politicians described	156
	Carl Schurz	156
	Francis Lieber	163
	Samuel W. Pennypacker	169
	William Bouck	171
	Philipp Dorschheimer	172
	Other German leaders	173
	Michael Hahn	174
	German governors and congressmen	175
	Others in public life	180
	The idea of a German State in the United States	184
	Conventions of the German revolutionists	185
	The Socialist-Labor and the Socialist Party	187
	The National German-American Alliance	198
	Summary of chapter	200
	CHAPTER V THE GERMAN INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES
	Introductory remarks	201
	Four periods	202
	German schools and teachers in the eighteenth century; Franklin College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania	202
	American students at German universities; Ticknor and Everett	208
	Cogswell and the Round Hill School, Northampton, Massachusetts	213
	Influence of Pestalozzi and Fellenberg	214
	Beck and Follen	214
	First professorship of German at Harvard, 1825	215
	Various German influences	217
	Reports of Griscom, Bache, Stowe, V. Cousin	219
	University of Michigan	220
	The state universities	222
	Horace Mann; his travels in Germany, and reports	222
	Normal schools	224
	Henry Barnard	224
	Herbartian doctrines	224
	Cornell University, technical education; college of forestry	226
	Other schools of forestry	227
	Johns Hopkins University; graduate studies; German university system transplanted	228
	The German element represented in university faculties	232
	The kindergarten	236
	Public schools compared with private schools	238
	Plan of a German seminary at Philippsburg	239
	German private schools	240
	Teaching of German in the United States	246
	Union of teachers	247
	Reform in modern language teaching	247
	Vocational teaching	248
	German ideals of higher education	249
	Summary of chapter	249
	CHAPTER VI SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES OF THE GERMAN ELEMENT
	I. MUSIC AND THE FINE ARTS
	(A) Music
	Unfavorable conditions before 1850	250
	The New England psalm-singers	252
	Music in Philadelphia in the early period; the first ambitious concert of 1786	254
	Music in other places; organ music in New York; the choral singing at Ephrata and at Bethlehem, Pa.	255
	The Handel and Haydn Society of Boston, 1815	257
	The beginnings of instrumental music; Gottlieb Graupner in Boston	258
	The Musical Fund Society of Philadelphia, 1820	259
	Philharmonic Society of New York	260
	Germania Orchestra	261
	Theodore Thomas	264
	Boston Symphony Orchestra	266
	Other orchestras	267
	Chamber music	269
	Oratorio societies	269
	"Männetchöre" and othet German singing-societies	271
	"Sängerfeste" in the East and West	274
	The "Musikverein" of Milwaukee	276
	Cincinnati a musical centre	277
	The development of opera performances	278
	French opera at New Orleans	279
	Parsifal.	282
	The Moravian music festivals	284
	American composers	285
	Germans as teachers of music	289
	A retrospect	293
	(B) Painting
	Early art	293
	Two periods of German influence	294
	The Düsseldorf School: Leutze, Bierstadt	294
	The Munich School: Carl Marr	298
	German-American artists; a criticism	300
	German teachers of art in the United States	302
	The example of Otto Fuchs	303
	Art exchanges and museums	304
	(C) Sculpture
	Early German sculptors; William H. Rinehart	306
	The new era produced by exposition sculpture; Carl Bitter and F. W. Ruckstuhl	308
	Monuments and statues; C. H. Niehaus, Triebel, Harnisch, Volk, etc.	312
	Henry Linder, artist-artisan	314
	Members of the National Sculpture Society	315
	(D) Architecture
	The Romanesque revival	315
	The steel-frame building	316
	American cottage architecture	316
	The Chicago School and modern German architecture	317
	An early influence	320
	Dome of the Capitol; Thomas U. Walter	320
	The Library of Congress; Smithmeyer & Pelz	321
	St. Louis Union Station; T. C. Link	322
	Other Germans in architecture	322
	(E) Graphic Arts
	Illustrators; designers; artist-photographers	323
	Recapitulation	326
	CHAPTER VII SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCE OF THE GERMAN ELEMENT
	II. THE THEATRE, LITERATURE, AND JOURNALISM
	(A) The Theatre
	Condition of the American theatre	327
	The "Meininger" and German methods of the stage	328
	The Irving Place Theatre	329
	Conried's visits to universities	333
	Schiller's "Maid of Orleans" at Harvard	334
	College dramatics	335
	American playwrights	337
	Charles Klein	338
	Favorable indications for the future	338
	(B) Literature
	German-American literature briefly considered	338
	The eighteenth century	339
	Pennsylvania-Dutch	340
	Whittier's allusions to Pennsylvania-Germans	341
	Travel literature and fiction	342
	Poets and writers of the nineteenth century	345
	Hans Breitmann's Ballads	351
	Representative American writers of German descent; Bayard Taylor, Joaquin Miller, Nordhoff, Timrod, Saxe, Wister, etc.	352
	Influence of German romanticism and transcendental philosophy upon American literature in its best period	357
	(C) Journalism
	Cartoonists: Nast, Keppler, etc.	360
	German newspapers; function; influence; statistics	365
	German element in the American press	372
	German war correspondents	373
	German owners of American newspapers	374
	Summary of chapter	375
	CHAPTER VIII SOCIAL AND MORAL INFLUENCE OF THE GERMAN ELEMENT
	Introductory	377
	(1) The joy of living
	A distinctly German influence	378
	German festivals, agricultural fairs, frolics, open-air celebrations.	379
	Christmas and Easter celebrations	383
	Gifts, birthdays, etc.	384
	German humor	386
	(2) Care of the body
	Gymnastics (Turnerei); Vater Jahn's influence in America through Follen, Lieber, etc.	387
	"Turnvereine" and military companies	389
	Clashes between Turners and Know-nothings	391
	The German element in American sports	394
	German bodily traits	397
	The Germans as medical practitioners and druggists raise the standard of health; prominent physicians, etc.	398
	(3) The social life of the Germans
	Musical, gymnastic, military, and social organizations; their development in typical cases	406
	(4) Religious influences
	Sectarianism	409
	The Lutheran Church in the United States	410
	Episcopalians	416
	Reformed Church	417
	Presbyterians	419
	Methodists	419
	Baptists	422
	Unitas Fratrum (Moravians)	422
	United Brethren in Christ	423
	The Evangelical Association	424
	German Catholics	424
	German State Church	425
	Unitarians	425
	Freethinkers	427
	Germans a religions people	429
	(5) German philanthropists
	Early instances; Astor, Wagner, etc.	429
	Endowments of schools, colleges, laboratories, etc.	431
	Gifts to hospitals	439
	Famine- and poor-relief	440
	Bettering of industrial conditions of employees	442
	Miscellaneous benefactions	443
	Philanthropic institutions	445
	Societies for prevention of cruelty	446
	(6) German-American women
	Anna Behr Ottendorfer, editor and philanthropist	448
	Catherine Lorillard Wolfe	450
	The Klumpkes, scientists and artists	451
	German-American singers of wide reputation	452
	Musicians, teachers, and authors	455
	The original of Scott's Rebecca in "Ivanhoe"	460
	German women in other fields of activity	461
	The heroic and the domestic type of women; the majority of German women are of the domestic type	463
	(7) German traits
	Law-abiding character	465
	Honesty	467
	Persistence, industry, economy	469
	Love of labor	470
	Sense of duty	471
	Simple life and love of home	471
	Individualism	472
	Idealism	473
	Summary	474
	BIBLIOGRAPHY	477
	INDEX	563

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