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The Reformation in England
The Reformation in England
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The Reformation in England

by Philip Hughes. 404 pgs.

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publication details

Contributors:

   Philip Hughes

Publisher:

   Macmillan

Place of Publication:

  New York  

Publication Year:

  1951
Subjects:   Catholic Church--England--History, Reformation--England, Great Britain--Church History--16th Century
Table of contents
CONTENTS
PART ONE: THE ENGLISH SCENE 1517
CHAPTER I
A WORLD IN REVOLUTION
The England of 1517 p. 3
Town and country 4
The population, how distributed 5
Far-reaching changes already in progress 6
Henry VII as an influence here 7
The agrarian revolution 8
Enclosures 10
The revolution in industrial organisation 12
Effect of this on municipal life p. 13
The first "capitalists" 13
The first proletariat 15
Problems of new uses for money 16
And of currency 16
Interest made lawful 16
The Tudor governments and these new tendencies 17
The constitution in 1517 p. 19
Henry VII's innovations 20
The king's council all-important 21
The place of parliament in the system of government 22
The king's control of parliament 22
Elections to the House of Commons 23
The "continental" idea of law and government 24
It threatens the supremacy of the Common Law 25
The Roman Law an aid to absolutism 25
And partly effective in sixteenth- century England p. 25
English genius for self-government survives 26
The Common Law understood as a barrier to executive absolutism 26
Fortescue on its superiority to Roman Law 26
Henry VIII, Cromwell and Gardiner discuss it 27
Starkey's view of Henry VIII's England 28
CHAPTER II
ECCLESIA ANGLICANA
Statistics: sees, parishes, population p. 31
The 800 monastic houses 36
The monastic ideal 37
Origin and meaning of the variety of religious orders 38
Question of the state of monastic life 1517-1535 40
Almost all abbeys then understaffed 40
Effect of this 40
"Greater" and "lesser" houses; how distributed between the orders 41
Wealthy houses and poverty-stricken 44
Economic and social importance of the monasteries 45
Their dependence on the lay technician", 1517-35 46
Geographical distribution p. 47
The witness of the bishops' visitations 48
"Lesser" houses in Lincoln diocese 49
And in Norwich diocese 51
The nuns in these two sees 52
"Greater" houses in Norwich diocese 59
And in Lincoln diocese 64
The Benedictine monks and Wolsey's proposed reforms in 1520 67
The Friars'special function in the religious life of the time 68
Number of their houses in England 69
Geographical distribution 69
Fewness of nuns 70
The English bishops p. 72
Recruited mainly from royal administrators 72
Their "civilian-mindedness" 72
The architects and artificers of the new absolutism 74
The bishops of 1517, their previous careers p. 74
The Spirit of Episcopal administration 81
The parish clergy and their training 83
St. Thomas More and the complaint about clerical ill-living 86
CHAPTER III
CATHOLIC LIFE AND THOUGHT
Piety of the layfolk p. 90
Popular religious practices 92
Sermons 94
Their quality 95
Was the layman really instructed? 95
The popular religious literature 98
No printed Bibles p. 100
Influence of the Devotio Moderna 101
Of Nominalism 101
Evidence of the parochial visitations in the diocese of Lincoln 102
Starkey and clerical life 104
PART TWO: THE LAST YEARS OF CATHOLIC ENGLAND
CHAPTER I
WOLSEY AND HIS EFFECT, 1515-1529
The minister of state and all- powerful, 1515-1529 p. 109
Through the court of Chancery 109
Through the Star Chamber 109
In foreign affairs 110
The expensive wars 111
The diplomatic disasters 112
The financial crises p. 111
The unprecedented taxation 111
Wolsey hated everywhere, in the end 111
Wolsey as legate a latere, a tyrant 112
And corrupt 113
The political fortunes of the papacy the true centre of his career? 114
CHAPTER II
THE LUTHERAN VICTORIES, 1517-1529
The new heresy is, by 1529, in settled occupation p. 116
The pope's condemnation of it accepted by the emperor 117
But has no immediate effect 117
North German princes and cities take up the heresy 117
The theological situation p. 119
Basically, a practical problem about salvation and sin 119
Luther's character, intellectual formation, equipment for the task 119
His method, as theologian 120
The kings of Sweden also p. 117
And of Denmark 118
Wherever it triumphs Church property is confiscated, and monastic orders
dissolved 118
"Justification by only faith" p. 120
A revolutionary theory, destructive of the best part of current religious practice 122
Zwingli and the still more radical
Swiss Reformation 124
CHAPTER III
HERESY IN ENGLAND, 1509-1529
The pre-Lutheran heresy of the Lollards p. 126
Their beliefs and practice 127
Arrests of Lollards in London, 1510 and 1517 128
In Kent, 1511 128
In Buckinghamshire, 1506 and 1521 129
Social setting of the heresy 129
Lollardy in London, 1527-1532 131
In Essex and Suffolk 131
The first signs of the new German heresies 132
At Cambridge: the White Horse Inn 133
At Oxford 133
The first propaganda in English p. 133
English translations of the German reformers 134
Tyndale's religion 135
His translations of Scripture 144
His first printed English version 144
The Catholic reply 146
Henry VIIIs' book against Luther 146
St. John Fisher's Latin works 148
His English sermons 148
St. Thomas More writes against Tyndale 149
Two causes célèbres: (1) Richard Hunne; (2) Friar Standish 149
CHAPTER IV
THE DIVORCE, 1527-1529
It what sense it was a force in the English Reformation p. 156
With whom did the scheme originate? Various opinions 157
Henry VIII and his "conscience" 159
Pope Clement VII, his character p. 165
His initial diplomatic errors in the affair of the divorce 166
Prima facie strength of Henry's case as based on the bull of Julius II 167
The question whether the pope has power to dispense from the impediment called Affinity 167
Mission of Foxe and Gardiner to Rome to arrange this, Feb. 1528 p. 175
Choice of Campeggio as judge with Wolsey 175
The pope's written pledges to Henry 176
A secret, "decretal", bull confided to Campeggio 176
Indefinite delay, the pope's real policy 176
Catherine's only hope is her nephew, Charles V 177
Discovery of the dispensatory brief of Julius II brings up the question of the pope's powers 177
Campeggio in London; he fails to negotiate a settlement "out of court", Oct. 1528 178
Authenticity of the Brief now the main question with Henry, who works for its suppression: mission to Rome of Bryan, Vannes and Gardiner (Dec. 1528, Jan. 1529) 180
The trial before Wolsey and Warham, May 1527 p. 162
Henry's first petitions to the pope, 1527 163
Anne Boleyn 164
Cajetan (1517) on this; he quotes Henry's marriage to Catherine as a proof of the power p. 168
St. John Fisher's opinion (1527) 171
Fate of Henry's first petition to Rome: Wolsey's scheme wrecked by Pucci 172
Henry's solution, viz., a mock trial masking a favourable decision assured him beforehand 174
Clement VII thought to be dying: plot to force Wolsey's election as pope p. 182
Clement refuses to declare the Brief a forgery, or to allow discussion of the pope's powers 184
Henry changes his plan: he now aims to force on the pope the fait accompli of a rigged trial before Campeggio and Wolsey 185
The trial at Blackfriars, May-July 1529 186
Catherine appeals against the court, i.e. against the judges and the place 187
The trial goes on, the queen's case not presented 188
Campeggio avoids a decision in Henry's favour by adjourning the court, July 23, 1529 189
Clement VII has already decided that Catherine's case shall be listened to, and at Rome 190
PART THREE: "THE KING'S PROCEEDINGS
CHAPTER I
THE ENDANGERED FAITH
Henry's will begins the Reformation, and is decisive at all the important times p. 195
The Reformation in England, from the beginning, is a state-exacted
repudiation of basic doctrine 196
Namely, that the papal primacy over Christ's Church is a thing divinely instituted 197
A repudiation consciously directed towards the establishment of a new species of religion 198
All parties conscious the repudiated doctrine taught universally hitherto 199
Some English testimony to this, 1518. 1532 p. 199
The contemporary popes 200
Henry VIII's Assertio Septem Sacramentorum 202
The doctrine as defined in the General Council of Florence 0438) 204
Which definition Fisher and More quote against the German Reformers 204
The history of the recent French Schism (1511) and of the General Council's act in 1516, also evidence 204
The Faith as set out by Cambridge University in 1531 206
CHAPTER II
A WAR OF NERVES:
JULY 23, 1529-NOVEMBER, 1530
Henry's deception of Campeggio p. 207
Cranmer suggests canvassing the universities 208
Wolsey's arrest, trial and surrender 208
The king's new, lay, ministry 209
The composition of the new House of Commons 210
The anti-clerical legislation of its first session 211
Fisher's opposition 213
The anti-clericalism a reality 214
Henry's support its real strength p. 214
The campaign in the universities 215
The judgment of Vitoria 216
Henry's new mentality about his suit fringes heresy 217
His real perplexity 218
The letter to the pope from the English notables 219
Clement's reply 220
Henry ready to abandon the suit? 221
Cromwell stiffens his resolution 222
CHAPTER III
ROYAL SUPREMACY -- THE THREAT:
NOVEMBER, 1530-JUNE 1, 1533
Cromwell's career and character p. 223
Influenced by Machiavelli, and Marsiglio of Padua 225
The new manœuvre to master the Church 226
The bishops of 1530-1531 228
The Royal Supremacy proposed for their acceptance 229
Accepted with a reservation 229
Tunstall debates with Henry what this means 230
Opinion of Chapuys 233
Of the nuncio in London 233
Effect in the papal curia 234
Where all still convinced that delay and "appeasement" are the best policy 234
Gardiner made a bishop 235
Parliamentary hostility to the divorce 236
The act abolishing Annates 237
The Submission of the Clergy p. 237
St. Thomas More resigns the chancellorship 239
Death of Warham 241
Cranmer appointed his successor 241
Cranmer's qualifications 242
The perjury at his consecration 243
He tries the divorce suit afresh, and decides it against the queen 244
He recognises Henry's union with Anne as a lawful marriage 245
Convocation denies the pope has the power to allow marriage with a deceased brother's widow 245
Anne crowned queen 245
Birth of Elizabeth 245
The Statute of Appeals 245
Its fundamental importance 246
CHAPTER IV
ROYAL SUPREMACY -- ACHIEVED: