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The Reign of George III, 1760-1815
The Reign of George III, 1760-1815
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The Reign of George III, 1760-1815

by J. Steven Watson. 637 pgs.

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publication details

Contributors:

   J. Steven Watson

Publisher:

   Clarendon Press

Place of Publication:

  Oxford  

Publication Year:

  1960
Subjects:   Great Britain--History--George Iii, 1760-1820
Table of contents
CONTENTS
I. THE ACCESSION OF GEORGE III
Constitutional monarchy in 1760 1
Position of a Prince of Wales 3
George III's ambitions on accession 4
George III's character 5
Influence of Bute 6
Ministerial instability 7
Political difficulties 8
II. THE ECONOMIC PATTERN IN 1760
Population 10
Health 11
Nutrition 12
Trade 13
Shipping 14
Mercantilist ideas 15
Exploration 17
Exports and imports 19
The Atlantic Triangle 20
Indian trade 22
Rivalry of other European powers 23
Baltic trade 24
Connexion of trade and war 25
Industrial development: transport 26
Capital 27
Inventions and machines 28
Standardization and growth of factories 29
Iron and steel 31
Agriculture 32
Stock breeding 33
Experiments with crops and enclosure 34
Social effects 35
III. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRUCTURE IN 1760
The social pattern 36
Predominance of squires 37
Unrest and punishment of crime 38
Philanthropy 38
Educational system 39
Church of England 41
Local Government 42
Justices of the Peace 43
Parish organization 44
Attempts to remedy defects 45
Administrative work of J.P.s 46
Appointment of J.P.s 47
Municipal Government 48
Unique position of London 50
Parliamentary representation 51
Control of seats by gentry 52
Borough representation 52
Government and choice of M.P.s 53
Other influences in borough elections 54
Dislike of central government 55
Prestige of the lawyers 57
Position of the Whigs and Tories 58
Government 'Influence' 59
State of the Civil Service 61
The 'Patriotic Line of Conduct' 63
Possible ministers in 1760 65
Basis of government 66
IV. MINISTERIAL INSTABILITY, 1760-5
Pitt and Newcastle 67
Bute's position 69
Policies in regard to war 71
Cost of war 72
Pitt's plan 73
Pitt's resignation 74
War declared on Spain 75
Russia and Prussia 76
Rift between Britain and Prussia 77
Newcastle's resignation 79
Ministerial intrigues 80
Henry Fox 82
Newcastle's dilemma 83
Preliminaries of peace 84
Peace of Paris 85
Attacks on peace terms 86
Purge of 'Pelhamite Innocents' 88
Taxation 91
Unpopularity of proposed cider tax 92
Bute's resignation 93
Fox becomes Lord Holland 95
George Grenville forms a government 96
Wilkes and the North Briton 98
Wilkes and General Warrants 99
Wilkes expelled from House of Commons 101
Grenville's economies 103
Attempts to raise money from American duties 104
Attempts to impose Stamp Duty 106
England's isolation in Europe 107
King's melancholia and plans for regency council 109
Cumberland's intervention 110
V. CONTINUED MINISTERIAL DIFFICULTIES, 1765-70
Rockingham's ministry 113
Its weakness 115
Attempts to compromise over America 116
Fall of Rockingham's ministry 117
'King's Friends' 118
King sends for Pitt 120
Chatham's ministry 121
Chatham's foreign policy 122
Chatham's collapse 123
Negotiations with East India Company 124
Burke's Thoughts on the Present Discontents 125
Taxation 126
Townshend's schemes 127
Bedford Group joins ministry 129
Resignation of Chatham 130
Wilkes stands for London and Middlesex 131
Wilkes elected for Middlesex and arrested 133
Unrest in country 134
Wilkes expelled and re-elected 136
Constitutional importance of Wilkes's case 137
Bill of Rights Society 139
A Radical Programme 140
Secrecy of Parliamentary debates 141
Effects of the Wilkes affair 143
The 'Nullum Tempus' dispute 144
Junius 145
Grafton's resignation 146
VI. NORTH ESTABLISHES HIS POWER, 1770-4
North's early career 147
North's policy 148
Efforts to broaden the ministry 150
Taxation 153
Foreign troubles 1770-1 154
Royal Marriages Act 155
Feathers Tavern Petition 155
India 157
Trade difficulties of the Company 157
Political situation in India 158
Dual Control in Bengal 161
The 'Nabobs' 162
Government concern with Company 164
Speculations in Company stock 165
Financial collapse of Company 1772 167
North's attempts at conciliation 168
North's Regulating Act 169
VII. THE ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLT
Causes of the American struggle 173
Constitutional theories 174
Inter-colonial jealousies 175
American attitude to England 176
American individualism 177
Lack of patronage 179
New England's economic troubles 181
Fixing of frontiers 183
Stamp Act 183
Opposition to Stamp Act 184
Rockingham's attempted solution 187
Shelburne's Plan 189
Townshend's Duties 190
American reactions 191
Farmer's Letters 191
Non-importation agreement 192
Burning of The Gaspée 195
VIII. LORD NORTH AND THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
The Tea duties 196
Boston Tea Party 197
Quebec Act 198
Union of Americans 199
Burke's ideas on conciliation 200
Attempts at conciliation by North 201
Lexington 201
Bunker Hill 202
War preparations in Britain 204
Tom Paine's Common Sense 205
Difficulties of Howe 206
Burgoyne's plan 208
Saratoga 210
Death of Chatham 211
Offers to America 211
Arrival of the French in America 212
Keppel and Palliser 213
Carolina campaign 214
Battle of Camden 215
Unreal British success 216
Yorktown 217
Battle of 'The Saints' 218
Peace moves 219
IX. THE FALL OF NORTH AND THE RISE OF REFORM MOVEMENTS
Decline in North's popularity 220
North and Ireland 221
Economic depression in Ireland 222
Gratton and Flood 223
North's indecision 224
European complications 225
Finance 226
Middlesex election, 1779 227
Wyvill 228
Petitioning Movement 229
Discord among opposition to North 231
Dunning's Resolutions 232
The opposition falter 234
Lord George Gordon 235
Gordon Riots 237
Results of the Riots 239
European hostility 240
Fall of North 242
X. THE CONFLICT OF GROUPS, 1782-4
Shelburne-Rockingham alliance 243
Weakness of the Crown 244
Rockingham and Ireland 245
Burke's Civil List Acts 247
Fox and Shelburne 249
Shelburne's intentions 250
Policy towards America 253
Peace with America 254
Peace with France 255
Parliament's reaction to terms 256
Fall of Shelburne 257
Fox-North coalition 259
India: Defects of the Regulating Act 261
Fox's India Bill 263
Fears of Carlo Khan 265
The King's intervention 266
Pitt First Lord of the Treasury 267
Pitt's proposals 268
Attempts to broaden the ministry 269
Election of 1784 270
XI. PITT AND RECONSTRUCTION
Pitt's position 273
Pitt's India Act 274
Pitt and the Commons 275
Pitt and Irish trade 276
Defeat of electoral reform 278
Strength of Pitt 279
Scottish support 280
Position in Scotland 281
Dundas and Pitt 282
Pitt's financial skill 283
Civil Service reform 284
Customs consolidation 286
Direct Taxation 287
Commutation Act 288
French Trade Treaty 289
Trade with America 289
The Sinking Fund 290
Foreign Policy 293
Triple Alliance 294
Catherine the Great and Oczakov 297
European balance of power 298
XII. THE COLLAPSE OF THE OPPOSITION, 1784-93
Nature of Pitt's power, 1784 300
Development of the Cabinet 301
Canada Act 302
Libel Act 302
Fox and Pitt 303
Regency Crisis, 1788-9 304
India 305
Warren Hastings as Governor General 306
Rohilla War 309
Arrival of Philip Francis 310
Opposition of Council to Hastings 311
Clavering's abortive coup 313
Improvements in India 314
War with Mahrattas 315
Peace with Mahrattas 316
Chait Singh episode 317
Oudh 318
Resignation of Hastings 319
Plans to impeach Hastings 320
Pitt's attitude 321
Impeachment of Hastings 322
Burke's Reflections on the French Revolution 323
Reforming Societies in Britain 324
Portland Group joins Pitt 325
XIII. A CIVILIZED SECURITY, 1760-90
Political Theory: Hume 327
Adam Smith 329
Bentham and Blackstone 330
Industrial invention: Hargreaves 332
Arkwright and Crompton 333
Watt's steam engine 334
Social Structure 335
Cricket 337
Clubs 338
Social supremacy of London 339
Architecture 340
Painting: Reynolds 342
Gainsborough 343
Romney and Wilson 344
Historical Paintings 345
Vauxhall 347
Literature 347
Historians and Novelists 348
Playwrights 349
Poets 350
Medievalism and Melancholy 352
Clapham Sect 353
XIV. THE FIRST STAGE OF THE WAR, 1793-8
Wide support for Pitt 356
Intellectual Radicalism 357
Corresponding Societies 358
Savage suppression in Scotland 359
Seditious Meetings and Treasonable Practices Acts 360
Whig proposals for reform 361
Combination Acts 362
Pitt's views on war 363
European situation 364
State of the army 365
France and total war 366
Flanders and Toulon 367
Duke of York's retreat 368
Dispersal of British efforts 370
French invasion of Italy 371
Spain joins war 372
Naval Mutinies, 1797 373
War finances 374
Introduction of Income Tax 375
Vigour of Pitt 376
1798 Alliances 377
XV. THE BATTLES OF THE SECOND COALITION AND THE FALL OF PITT, 1798-1801
Mediterranean offensive 378
Pitt's hopes 379
Military events in Europe 380
Napoleon's proposals rebuffed 381
French successes 381
India under Cornwallis 382
Wellesley Governor General of India 383
Conquest of Mysore 384
Conquest of Mahrattas 385
Collapse of the Coalition 386
Nelson at Copenhagen 386
Irish economy 387
Irish political parties 389
Grattan's parliament 391
The 'United Irishmen' 392
Pitt's policy for Ireland 393
Fitzwilliam's débâcle 395
Difficulties of Grattan's party 396
Camden disarms Ulster 397
Irish rebellion 398
Plans for Irish Union 399
Union accepted in Ireland 400
Opposition in England to emancipation 401
The King adamant 402
Pitt's attitude to emancipation 403
Pitt's resignation 403
Addington in office 404
XVI. FROM AMIENS TO TRAFALGAR
War-weariness of Britain 406
Food shortages 407
Addington's ministry 408
Treaty of Amiens 409
Treaty of Lunéville 410
Defects of the Peace 411
Renewed aggression 412
Popularity of Addington in 1802 413
Lack of confidence in Addington as war-minister 414
Efforts to improve the Army 415
Further criticisms of Addington 416
Pitt succeeds Addington 417
Pitt's ministry 418
Impeachment of Melville 419
Pitt still without allies 420
French invasion plans 421
Pitt's programme 422
Rapprochement with Russia 423
Third Coalition 424
Napoleon abandons invasion 425
Ulm 426
Naval Blockade of France 427
Nelson 429
Villeneuve's sorties 430
Trafalgar 432
Austerlitz 433
Treaty of Pressburg and Death of Pitt 434
XVII. THE FAILURE OF THE TALENTS AND THE PROBLEMS FACING PORTLAND, 1806-9
Formation of the 'Ministry of All the Talents' 435
Fox and Napoleon 437
Death of Fox 438
Sidmouth's position 439
Abolition of Slave Trade 440
The Catholic Question 441
Fall of the Talents Ministry 443
Portland's ministry 444
A 'No Popery' election 445
'No Corruption' campaign 447
Curwen's Act 449
Whig Reform Bill 450
Battle of Maida 451
Napoleon's victories in Europe 452
Buenos Ayres disaster 453
Treaty of Tilsit 455
British attack on Copenhagen 456
Loss of the Baltic 457
French declare war on Portugal 458
Beginning of war in Spain 459
Moore's retreat to Corunna 461
XVIII. ECONOMIC WARFARE, 1806-12
Value of British exports 463
Berlin Decree 464
British Orders in Council and French Milan Decrees 465
Economic plight of Britain 466
Relaxation of controls 467
Stricter enforcement by Napoleon 468
Crisis of 1811 469
The Jay Treaty 471
Causes of friction with America 472
Deterioration of relations with America 474
American ultimatum and war 475
XIX. PORTLAND, PERCEVAL, AND THE PENINSULA, 1809-12
Disunity of the ministry 476
Enmity of Canning and Castlereagh 477
Flanders campaign planned 478
Wellington's analysis of the French position in Spain 479
Wellington's plans 480
Battle of Talavera 482
Walcheren expedition 483
Perceval succeeds Portland 484
Liverpool supports Peninsular war 485
Torres Vedras 486
Fuentes d'Onoro 487
Wellington in winter quarters 488
Illness of George III 489
Regency Act 490
The Regent's hesitations 491
The Regent's letter of 1812 492
Wellington's capture of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz 493
Battle of Salamanca 494
Retreat from Burgos 495
Napoleon's Moscow campaign 496
Assassination of Perceval 497
Stuart Wortley's motion 498
The Liverpool administration 500
XX. THE TRANSFORMATION OF ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL LIFE, 1793-1815
Extent of economic and social change 503
Stimulus of war 504
Development of iron industry 505
New uses of iron 507
Steam engines 508
Cotton industry 509
Cartwright's loom 510
Growth of cotton towns 511
Woollen industry 512
Other industries 514
Shipping 515
Coal production 516
Increased trade and population 517
Roads and canals 518
Predominance of agriculture 519
Rising prices and enclosure 520
Technical improvements in agriculture 521
Forests 522
Housing conditions 523
Educational developments 525
Wages 526
Speenhamland 527
Wage disparities in industry 529
Doctrines of Malthus and Ricardo 531
Utilitarians 522
Robert Owen 533
The Romantic Movement 534
Sir Walter Scott 536
William Blake 537
Jane Austen and Byron 538
Wordsworth and Coleridge 539
Edinburgh Review 541
Charles Lamb 542
Lawrence and Turner 543
Music and Architecture 544
Wyatt and Soane 545
Nash 546
Restlessness of the Regency 547
Dress 548
Seaside holidays 549
XXI. THE END OF THE WAR, 1812-15
American expansion and frontier problem 550
American declaration of war on Britain 552
American attack on Canada 553
Stalemate on Canadian frontier 554
Peace with America 555
Alliance of Prussia and Russia with Britain 556
Wellington's advance, 1813 557
Vittoria 558
The Frankfurt peace proposals 559
Strength of Liverpool's cabinet 560
Treaty of Chaumont 561
Treaty of Paris 562
Polish-Saxon crisis 564
Napoleon's return from Elba 566
Waterloo 567
Peace terms at Vienna 568
Castlereagh and nationalism 569
Luddites 570
Hampden Clubs 571
England at the end of the reign 572
A NOTE ON THE CABINET 574
LIST OF THE HOLDERS OF GREAT OFFICES OF STATE, 1760-82 575
LISTS OF CABINETS, 1782-1815 578
BIBLIOGRAPHY 585
INDEX 613
MAPS
1. America 1770-1815
2. India from Hastings to Wellesley at end
3. Europe in 1789
4. Spain -- the Peninsular War
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...Irving Publishes History of New York...England 1714 George I of Hanover...Prince Charlie 1760 George III is crowned...Revolution - Britain becomes "workshop...1801 Union of Great Britain and...protestors 1820 George III dies; succeeded...
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