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United States Relations with China: With Special Reference to the Period 1944-1949

by United States Department Of State. 1054 pgs.

Contributors:

   United States Department Of State

Publisher:

   U.S. Govt. Print. Off

Place of Publication:

  Washington, DC  

Publication Year:

  1949

Subjects:

United States--Foreign Relations--China, China--Foreign Relations--United States

	Contents
	Page.
	Letter of Transmittal III
	Chronology of Principal Events Affecting Sino-American Relations XXXVII
	CHAPTER I
	Introduction	1
	Development of Basic American Policy	1
	Equality of Commercial Opportunity	1
	Enunciation of the Open Door Policy 2
	Early Efforts to Maintain the Open Door 3
	The Root-Takahira Agreement, 1908	5
	The Knox "Neutralization" Proposals, 1909	5
	and Settlements	6
	Hostilities in China	6
	The Twenty-one Demands, 1915	7
	The Lansing -Ishii Agreement, November 2, 1917	8
	Settlement of the Shantung Question	9
	, February 6, 1922	10
	Non-Interference in Chinese Internal Affairs—The
	and After	10
	Statement by Kellogg , January 27, 1927	11
	Recognition of the National Government, 1928 12
	The Sino-Soviet Dispute in 1929 12
	Japanese Expansion into China from 1931	13
	The Non-Recognition Doctrine of Stimson	13
	Defense of American Treaty Rights in China	15
	Statement by Hull , December 5, 1935	17
	The "Quarantine" Speech of Roosevelt ,	19
	Defense of the Principle of the Open Door	19
	Defense of Chinese Integrity	23
	United States Support of Chinese Resistance	24
	American-Japanese Informal Conversations in 1941 Page	25
	The Lend-Lease Program, 1941 -1943	26
	Military Aid, 1941 -1943	28
	Financial Aid, 1937 -1943	31
	Relinquishment of American Extraterritoriality in China	34
	Repeal of Chinese Exclusion Acts, 1943	37
	American Acknowledgment of China as a Great Power	37
	CHAPTER II
	Introduction	38
	Basic Factors	38
	The Program	38
	The Communist Program	40
	Foundation of the , 1921	41
	Reorganization of the , 1924	42
	-Communist Collaboration, 1924 -1927	43
	,1927 -1936	44
	The -Communist Entente, 1937 -1944	45
	Background of the Entente	45
	of the , 1937	48
	Manifesto of the , September 22, 1937	50
	Statement by Chiang Kai-shek , September 23, 1937	51
	Implementation of the Agreements, 1937 -1938	51
	Deterioration of -Communist Relations, 1938 -1941	52
	-Communist Negotiations, 1941 -1944	53
	The Wallace Mission, 1944	55
	Conclusion	57
	CHAPTER III
	Immediate Background of the Hurley Mission	59
	Introduction	59
	Chinese Unity and the War Effort Page	61
	Immediate Background of the Hurley Mission—Con.
	Pessimism of Ambassador Gauss	64
	The Military Factor	65
	Roosevelt 's Messages to Chiang Kai-shek , July-August 1944	66
	Reports by Stilwell	68
	Hurley 's Instructions	71
	Hurley 's Talk with Mr.Molotov	71
	The Effort at Mediation	73
	Initial Steps	73
	The Five-Point Draft Agreement, November 10, 1944 .	74
	The Three-Point Plan	75
	Reply of the Chinese Communists	75
	The National Government's Proposal	78
	's Reaction	79
	Summary of Kuomintang Views	81
	Adjournment of the Conference	82
	The Generalissimo's Statement of March 1, 1945	83
	's Reply, March 9, 1945	84
	The Problem of Military Assistance	86
	Hurley 's Recommendation against American Aid to the Chinese Communists	86
	The American Chargé 's Recommendations	87
	China and the Soviet Union	92
	Agenda for .Soong 's Conversations	92
	Hurley 's Interview with Stalin , April 15, 1945	94
	Comments on Hurley 's Report	96
	Hurley 's Review of Soviet-Chinese Communist Relations	99
	Further Government-Communist Negotiations	100
	, May 1945	100
	Hurler 's Departure	105
	Continuing Negotiations at	107
	Clashes between Communist and National Troops	110
	Postponement of the	110
	The Resignation of Hurley	112
	CHAPTER IV Page
	The Yalta Agreement, February 11, 1945	113
	Text of the Agrcement	113
	Discussions at	114
	Soviet Views on the Agreement	115
	, August 14, 1945	116
	Negotiation of the Treaty	116
	Assurances on the Open Door	118
	Chinese Reaction to the Treaty	120
	United States Reaction to the Treaty	121
	Soviet Attitude Toward Manchurian Industries	123
	Discussions at the , 1945	124
	American Protests on Dairen	125
	Conclusion	126
	CHAPTER V
	The Economic, Military and Political Setting	127
	Introduction	127
	General Economic Situation Immediately after V-J Day	127
	China 's Financial Position	129
	Unfavorable Elements	130
	Wedemeyer 's Reports	131
	Marshall 's Appointment and Instructions	132
	The President's Policy Statement of December 15, 1945	133
	The Beginning of the Marshall Mission	133
	Recapitulation of Chinese Political Background for the Mission	134
	The Agreements of January and February 1946	136
	The Cease-Fire Agreement of January 10, 1946	136
	The Resolutions	139
	The Military Reorganization Agreement of February 25, 1946	140
	Chinese Public Reaction	143
	Kuomintang Action on the Resolutions	144
	Marshall 's Recall for Consultation	145
	The Manchurian Crisis	145
	Field Teams for Manchuria	145
	Chinese Communist Occupation of	149
	Marshall 's Appraisal of the Situation	150
	Marshall 's Temporary Withdrawal from Mediation	152
	Suggested Compromise Solution	153
	National Government Capture of	155
	Chiang 's Proposals of May 24, 1946	156
	Arrangements for a Truce	158
	Negotiations during the Truce Period	159
	Cessation of Hostilities in Manchuria	162
	Revision of the Military Reorganization Agreement and Related Political Problems	162
	Marshall 's Draft Agreement on the Army Reorganization Plan	166
	Disintegration of the Truce Arrangement	170
	The Appointment of J. Leighton Stuart as to China	173
	Organization of the	174
	Proposal for a	174
	The Marshall -Stuart Statement of August 10, 1946	175
	Chiang Kai-shek 's Position	177
	Major Factors of Disagreement	177
	The Truman -Chiang Messages of August 1946	179
	Truman 's Message of August 10	179
	Chiang 's Reply of August 28	179
	Truman 's Message of August 31	179
	The Drift toward All-Out Strife	180
	Communist Resentment of American Aid to China	180
	Problems Relating to the	181
	Neither Side Yields Measurably	184
	National Government Military Activities	188
	Further Deterioration in the Negotiations	188
	Marshall Considers Withdrawing	189
	The Truce Proposal	193
	The Marshall-Stuart Statement of October 8, 1946	194
	The Communist Position	194
	Chiang 's Statement of October 10, 1946	196
	The Fall of and the Summoning of the	196
	Draft Statement Prepared for the Generalissimo	197
	The Drift toward All-Out Strife—Continued
	Eight-Point Proposal by the Generalissimo, October 16, 1946	198
	The Communist Reply	199
	The Spreading of Hostilities	200
	Attempt at Mediation by the	201
	Chiang 's Statement of November 8, 1946	204
	Cease-Fire Order by the National Government	206
	Convening of the , November 15, 1946	207
	The End of American Mediation	208
	Marshall 's Views on the Situation in China	211
	The Work of the	214
	's Reaction	215
	The End of the Marshall Mission	217
	Marshall 's Refusal to Continue as Mediator	217
	Marshall 's Recall and Final Statement	217
	Truman 's Statement of December 18, 1946	218
	American Withdrawal from the and Executive Headquarters	219
	Conclusion	219
	Economic Developments During the Marshall Mission	220
	Effects of Internal Conflict	220
	Developments in China 's Foreign Exchange and Trade Policies	222
	Effects of Restrictions on Trade and Shipping	223
	Economic Treaty Relations	223
	Foreign Aid in 1946	225
	CHAPTER VI
	The Political and Military Situation	230
	Further Efforts at Negotiation	230
	Reversal of Communist Policy	232
	The Soviet Proposal of March 10, 1947	233
	Reorganization of the Legislative Yuan and the Control Yuan, March 1, 1947	233
	Stuart 's Summary of Developments	235
	The Capture of Yenan	237
	Student Demonstrations	238
	Continued Deterioration of the Government's Position	240
	American Efforts to Encourage Reforms by the Chinese Government	242
	Stuart 's Reports	242
	Reorganization of the Executive Yuan and , April 17, 1947	244
	The Political Situation in Manchuria	247
	Chinese Moves toward Reform	249
	The Communists Proclaimed to Be in Open Rebellion, July 4, 1947	251
	Marshall 's Message of July 6, 1947	251
	Stuart 's Observations on North China and Manchuria	252
	The Wedemeyer Mission	255
	Introduction	255
	Wedemeyer 's Instructions	255
	Chinese Reaction to the Appointment	256
	Wedemeyer 's Statements of August 22 and 24, 1947	256
	Chinese Reaction to Wedemeyer 's Statements	258
	Recommendations of the Wedemeyer Report	260
	Internal Developments in China	261
	Fourth Plenary Session of the	261
	Stuart 's Report of September 29, 1947	263
	, October 28, 1947	265
	Possibility of Resumption of Peace Negotiations	265
	Elections to the	268
	Disturbances in	269
	Redefinition of American Policy	269
	Considerations Underlying the Formulation of a Program of Aid to China	269
	Marshall 's	271
	Truman 's	272
	Changes in the Chinese Government	273
	Election of Chiang and LiTsung-jen	273
	The Search for a New Executive Yuan	274
	Student Riots	277
	Economic Reform Decrees of August 19, 1948	278
	Alternatives of American Policy	279
	Marshall 's Policy Directives of August 12 and 13, 1948	279
	Policy Review of October 1948	280
	Chinese Requests for Further Military Assistance	286
	Chinese Developments in 1949	288
	Chiang 's 's Message	288
	Sun Fo 's 's Message	290
	Chinese Request for Foreign Mediation	290
	The Retirement of the Generalissimo	292
	The Position and Policies of Acting Li	293
	Renewed Consideration of Additional American Aid	299
	Recommendation from Tientsin	299
	Comments by the at	300
	Difficulties Confronting Acting Li	301
	The Withdrawal of the Government from Nanking	304
	The Communist Demands of April 15, 1949	304
	The Crossing of the Yangtze	305
	CHAPTER VII
	Military Operations	311
	Operations in 1945	311
	Operations in 1946	313
	Operations in 1947	315
	Operations in 1948 and 1949	318
	American Operational Advice to the Chinese	323
	Directives to Barr on Advisory Activities	323
	Barr 's Report	325
	American Advisory Groups in China	338
	Legislation and Agreements	338
	Comparison of Aid to China with Aid to Greece	351
	Military Matériel and Services Provided the Chinese Government Since V-J Day	354
	Summary	354
	Marshall 's Testimony on the 1946 Embargo	354
	American Equipment Captured by the Chinese Communists	357
	Adequacy of the Government's Military Supplies	358
	CHAPTER VIII
	The Economic Situation in 1947	360
	Internal Economic Factors	360
	Chinese Requests for American Aid	361
	Consideration of Credits	364
	Proposals for a Silver Loan	367
	The Mounting Economic Crisis in China	369
	Preparation in the United States of the China Aid Program	371
	Introduction	371
	Marshall 's Recommendations to	371
	Chang Chun 's Request of November 17, 1947	372
	The Chinese Request of November 21 and 24, 1947	373
	Stuart 's Comments	375
	"Some Fundamental Considerations on American Aid to China "	376
	Discussions with Chinese Representatives	377
	Chang Chun 's Statement of January 28, 1948	378
	Presentation of the China Aid Program to	379
	The China Aid Act of 1948	387
	Implementation of the China Economic Aid Program	390
	Initiation of the Program	390
	Undertakings by the Chinese Government	391
	Specific Economic Measures Recommended to China	394
	Progress of the Economic Aid Program	398
	Continuation of Economic Aid Beyond April 3, 1949	404
	The Appraisal of Acting Li	409

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