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Inclusion in Education

mainstreaming

mainstreaming, in education, practice of teaching handicapped children in regular classrooms with nonhandicapped children to the fullest extent possible; such children may have orthopedic, intellectual, emotional, or visual difficulties or handicaps associated with hearing or learning. The practice is also called inclusion. Mainstreaming has been of increasing interest since the late 1960s in response to a number of factors: research showing that many handicapped students learned better in regular than in special classes; charges that racial imbalances existed in special education classes; and the civil-rights movement with its stress on the rights of the individual. The federal Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975), which stated that all handicapped children are entitled to a "free and appropriate" education in the "least restrictive environment," has been widely interpreted as supporting the expansion of mainstreaming.

Mainstreaming has worked well with those segments of the special student population whose disabilities are compatible with a classroom setting and is felt in general to better prepare special students socially for life after school. It has also helped other school children gain a greater understanding of those with disabilities. It has been controversial, however, with students who have emotional or behavioral difficulties that may be disruptive to the entire class. In addition, some worry that children with special needs cannot be given adequate attention in an integrated class.

Selected full-text books and articles on this topic at Questia

Inclusion: Policy and Practice
Thomas P. Lombardi. Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, 1999

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Inclusive Education: International Voices on Disability and Justice
Keith Ballard. Falmer Press, 1999

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From Them to Us: An International Study of Inclusion in Education
Tony Booth; Mel Ainscow. Routledge, 1998

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Inclusive Schooling: National and International Perspectives
Stanley J. Vitello; Dennis E. Mithaug. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998

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Creating an Inclusive School
Richard A. Villa; Jacqueline S. Thousand. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2005

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Teaching Transformed: Achieving Excellence, Fairness, Inclusion, and Harmony
Roland G. Tharp; Peggy Estrada; Stephanie Stoll Dalton; Lois A. Yamauchi. Westview Press, 2000

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Inclusive Schools in Action: Making Differences Ordinary
James Mcleskey; Nancy L. Waldron. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2000

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Making Inclusion Work for Children with Dyspraxia: Practical Strategies for Teachers
Gill Lois M. Addy Dixon. RoutledgeFalmer, 2004

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Research on Classroom Ecologies: Implications for Inclusion of Children with Learning Disabilities
Deborah L. Speece; Barbara K. Keogh. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996

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Action Research for Inclusive Education: Changing Places, Changing Practice, Changing Minds
Felicity Armstrong; Michele Moore. RoutledgeFalmer, 2004

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Inclusive Education: A Casebook and Readings for Prospective and Practicing Teachers
Suzanne E. Wade. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000

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Preparing Teachers for Inclusive Education: Case Pedagogies and Curricula for Teacher Educators
Suzanne E. Wade. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000

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American Conversations: Puerto Ricans, White Ethnics, and Multicultural Education
Ellen Bigler. Temple University Press, 1999

Librarian’s tip: Chap. 6 "Inclusion and Exclusion in the Classroom"

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Inclusion in Education

mainstreaming

mainstreaming

Selected full-text books and articles on this topic at Questia

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