BALTS

bôlts, peoples of the east coast of the Baltic Sea. They include the Latvians, the Lithuanians, and the now extinct Old Prussians. Their original home was farther east, but from the 6th cent. they were pushed westward by the Slavs. In the 13th cent. the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquered the region later comprising Estonia and Latvia and forced Christianity on the inhabitants. Pressed by the Teutonic Order, the Lithuanians formed (13th cent.) a unified state of Lithuania, which successfully resisted annexation and became one of the largest states of medieval Europe. In 1387, under Grand Duke Jagiello (King Ladislaus II of Poland), Lithuania officially adopted Christianity. The Teutonic Order lost (15th cent.) all but East Prussia, but descendants of the German knights and settlers continued to control land and commerce in Latvia and Estonia until the 20th cent. After the union (1569) of Lithuania with Poland, the Lithuanian nobility became thoroughly Polish in language and politics. The Estonians, a Finnic rather than a Baltic people, came under Swedish rule in 1561 and in 1721 passed to Russia, which by 1795 acquired all the Baltic lands. The incorporation of the Baltic nations of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia into the Soviet Union (1940) became a source of political disputes. All three countries gained independence in 1991. For earliest history to the 13th cent. see Marija Gimbutas, The Balts (1963).

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The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright© 2004, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V. All rights reserved.

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Questia Books and Articles on: Balts
We found: 549 results
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books on: Balts  - 448 results

       More book Results: 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 >>  
 
1.
The History of the Baltic States
Book by Kevin O'Connor; Greenwood Press, 2003
Subjects: Baltic States--History, Baltic States--History--1991-
Balts in northeastern Europe is found in The Germania...Mediterranean civilization's familiarity with the Balts was not only a product of the latter's...for its ornamental uses. For the ancient Balts, amber was essentially money. Ancestors...
2.
National Identity and Ethnicity in Russia and the New States of Eurasia
Book by Roman Szporluk; M. E. Sharpe, 1994
Subjects: Former Soviet Republics--Ethnic Relations, Former Soviet Republics--Politics And Government, Nationalism--Former Soviet Republics
...change. Coevolution: How Fit Are the Balts Relative to Their Environment? In 1991...away. Indeed, Russia can threaten the Balts from the west, the north, and the east...from the sea, and from Russia proper. Balts feared that Russian military or security...
3.
Baltic Postcolonialism
Book by Violeta Kelertas; Rodopi, 2006
Subjects: Baltic Literature--History And Criticism, Baltic States--Literatures--History And Criticism, Decolonization In Literature, Estonian Literature--History And Criticism, Latvian Literature--History And Criticism, Lithuanian Literature--History And Criticism, Nationalism And Literature--Baltic States--History And Criticism, Postcolonialism In Literature, Postcolonialism--Baltic States
...questionable viewpoint is used to argue that the Balts were not really colonized by the Soviets...represent the political position of either Balts in exile or Baltic peoples still residing...in both recent and deeper history, the Balts have been dominated by some benevolent...
4.
Contemporary Security Analysis and Copenhagen Peace Research
Book by Stefano Guzzini, Dietrich Jung; Routledge, 2004
...has caused a degree of cohesion among the Balts, depending on the degree of Baltic-Russian...in 1944, his subsequent deportations of Balts to Siberia, and the Soviet Unions suppression...had far-reaching implications for the Balts perception of Russia. Russia is seen as...
5.
Endgame in NATO's Enlargement: The Baltic States and Ukraine
Book by Yaroslav Bilinsky; Praeger Publishers, 1999
Subjects: National Security--Baltic States, National Security--Ukraine, North Atlantic Treaty Organization--Baltic States, North Atlantic Treaty Organization--Membership, North Atlantic Treaty Organization--Ukraine
...President Bush by effectively helping the Balts get the Russian troops removed by the fall...community will increase. Second, neither the Balts nor the Ukrainians obtained independence...natural population growth nearly "pushed the Balts into the Baltic." Under Stalins successors...
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journal articles on: Balts  - 42 results

       More journal Results: 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-42 >>  
 
1.
The Baltic States after Independence
Journal article by Jack Reardon; Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 35, 2001
Subjects: Books--Reviews, The Baltic States After Independence (Book)--Reviews
...realized in the west" (p. 53). As the Balts try to rebuild and undo the damage inflicted...between 1920 and 1940. Then, as now, the Balts looked to the West for technology and markets. The Balts prospered, with living standards in Estonia...
2.
After Empire: What?
Journal article by Roman Szporluk; Daedalus, Vol. 123, 1994
Subjects: Communism--Political aspects, Russia--Politics and government, Soviet Union--History, Western Europe--History
...Soviet Union. In a polity that included the Balts and West Ukrainians, it was difficult...the disruptive or subversive role of the Balts? How much tougher to deal with did the...different types. In one group were the Balts, the West Belorussians, some of the West...
3.
Cultural Nationalism in Exile: The Case of Polish and Latvian Displaced Persons
Journal article by Laura Hilton; The Historian, Vol. 71, 2009
Subjects: Latvians--Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Latvians--History, Nationalism--History, Poles (European people)--Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Poles (European people)--History, Poles--Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Poles--History, Postwar society--History, Refugees--History, Repatriation--History, World War II, 1939-1945
...authorities quickly exempted Latvians and other Balts from involuntary repatriation. (30...repatriated, regardless of personal wishes. But Balts were exempt, as the United States did...difficult to obtain because Latvians and other Balts were classified as Soviet citizens in German...
4.
An Alternative to NATO Expansion
Journal article by Walter C. Clemens; International Journal, Vol. 52, 1997
Subjects: Baltic states, Eastern Europe, International organizations, International relations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Russia, United States
...defence advisory board composed of former NATO generals helps Balts assess their security options. All this takes place without...for looking like a civilized country. These factors helped Balts in 1990 and 1991 to exploit the presence of Cable News Network...
5.
The Baltics and NATO Expansion
Journal article; Parameters, Vol. 31, 2001
Subjects: Baltic States--Political aspects, International agencies--Membership, International organizations--Membership, International relations--Forecasts and trends, North Atlantic Treaty Organization--Membership
...failure to meet NATO admission guidelines." He admits that the Balts have made every border concession to Russia, including ratifying...Russian intransigence a "Baltic failure"? Why penalize the Balts for their concessions while rewarding Russias blackmail? The...
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magazine articles on: Balts  - 35 results

       More magazine Results: 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-35 >>  
 
1.
New Europe, New Problems: The Case of the Baltic States
Magazine article by George J. Viksnins; The National Interest, Fall 2003
Subjects: European Union
...years. A large number of North American Balts then returned to serve in the governments...after World War II and did not repatriate Balts to their Soviet homelands after the war...the "special relationship" between the Balts ended once it and the latter achieved NATO...
2.
Next Threat to NATO: The Baltics Are Knocking on NATO's Door. Don't Let Them In
Magazine article by Jeffrey Tayler; The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 289, February 2002
Subjects: Baltic States--Political aspects, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
...the Teutonic Order converted most of the Balts to Catholicism, in the thirteenth and...In Estonia and Latvia, however, the Balts have taken a policy tack reflecting the...extraterrestrials"); they complain that Balts will not hire them for jobs for which they...
3.
The Next Threat to NATO - the Baltics Are Knocking at NATO's Door. Don't Let Them In
Magazine article by Jeffrey Tayler; The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 289, February 2002
Subjects: Baltic States--Political aspects, International relations--Management, North Atlantic Treaty Organization--Membership
...the Teutonic Order converted most of the Balts to Catholicism, in the thirteenth and...In Estonia and Latvia, however, the Balts have taken a policy tack reflecting the...extraterrestrials"); they complain that Balts will not hire them for jobs for which they...
4.
New Iron Curtain: NATO Is Incautiously Expanding Eastward, Which Has Thoughtful Russians Worried about Being Fenced out of Europe - and Worse
Magazine article by Anato Lieven; The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 277, January 1996
Subjects: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Russia--International relations
...neither military nor economic pressure on the Balts, despite deep anger at the policies of...costs of trying to bring Ukraine and the Balts to their knees. As for the Russian people...fundamental indifference to the fate of the Balts and the Ukrainians, and a hypocritical...
5.
A New Iron Curtain
Magazine article by Anatol Lieven; The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 277, January 1996
Subjects: Eastern Europe--Political aspects, North Atlantic Treaty Organization--Membership, Poland--Political aspects, Russia--International relations
...neither military nor economic pressure on the Balts, despite deep anger at the policies of...costs of trying to bring Ukraine and the Balts to their knees. As for the Russian people...fundamental indifference to the fate of the Balts and the Ukrainians, and a hypocritical...
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newspaper articles on: Balts  - 19 results

       More newspaper Results: 1-10 11-19 >>  
 
1.
Know the Nuts & Balts; LIFESTYLE Is a Balti Something Eaten by Drunken Brummies, a Bucket, a Joke or a Metaphor? Journalist Ziauddin Sardar Tells Special Correspondent Jo Ind Why It Is All Four
Newspaper article; The Birmingham Post (England), November 3, 2008
Know the Nuts Balts; LIFESTYLE Is a Balti Something Eaten by Drunken Brummies, a Bucket, a Joke or a Metaphor? Journalist Ziauddin Sardar Tells...
2.
Troubled Baltic Nations Make Gains
Newspaper article by Jabeen Bhatti; The Washington Times, April 16, 2000
Subjects: European Union, Latvia
...leadership on these essential issues." THE BALTS U-TURN Slightly more than a decade ago...These days the worst is over, say the Balts Western friends. Growth rates are high...later. Problems persist, friends of the Balts admit. The Latvians had to sent Mr. Baumanis...
3.
Board the Electoral Tardis; A Snapshot of Coffs in 2060
Newspaper article; Coffs Coast Advocate (Coffs Harbour, Australia), August 21, 2010
Subjects: Political parties
...electricity grid while the latest wave of aapproximatelynew Australians from ravaged Middle Eastern countries a just like those Balts and Slavs and Wogs at the end of World War II a sweat on construction sites to build a better nation and a stable future for...
4.
Amalgamation a Disaster for Some Areas
Newspaper article; The Chronicle (Toowoomba, Australia), September 10, 2011
...should be allowed to refuse boat people are the Aborigines. Each war we have been involved in has brought with it refugees, Balts, Greeks, Italians, Vietnamese. Who is in favour of sending these people back now? Cant we understand and use the wealth...
5.
Slovak Leader Rips Albright Views on Rights in His Nation
Newspaper article by Martin Sieff; The Washington Times, April 25, 1997
Subjects: Albright, Madeleine, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Slovakia
...but they have lagged behind almost all of their neighbors - not just the Czech Republic, but the Hungarians, the Poles, the Balts Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia - on the issue of internal democratization," he said. But Mr. Hamzik said at a breakfast...
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encyclopedia articles on: Balts  - 5 results

 
 
1.
Balts
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
BALTS bolts, peoples of the east coast of the Baltic Sea. They include the Latvians...in 1991. For earliest history to the 13th cent. see Marija Gimbutas, The Balts (1963). ____________________ Copyright 2009 Columbia...
2.
Slavs
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...centuries before the Christian era, and the similarities of these Proto-Slavs to the Proto-Balts has led to a theory of a Proto-Baltic Slav period (see Balts ). There was presumably no one Proto-Slavic language, but rather a blending of tribal...
3.
Lithuania
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...is Roman Catholicism and there are Russian Orthodox and Lutheran minorities. The Lithuanians speak a Baltic language (see Balts ), which is the official language; Russian and Polish are also widely spoken. Economy In the 1990s, Lithuania benefited...
4.
Latvia
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...Russian Orthodox Church. After independence (1991), Latvia sought to limit citizenship in order to favor Latvians and other Balts over ethnic Russians and other minorities. In 1998 the laws were eased, granting citizenship to all children born in Latvia...
5.
Boniface, Saint , German Missionary
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...SAINT , German missionary d. 1009, German missionary, known also by his lay name, Bruno of Querfurt. He evangelized the Balts and died a martyr. He is known as the Apostle of the Prussians. Feast: June 19...


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