COMMUTATIVE LAW

in mathematics, law holding that for a given binary operation (combining two quantities) the order of the quantities is arbitrary; e.g., in addition, the numbers 2 and 5 can be combined as 2+5=7 or as 5+2=7. More generally, in addition, for any two numbers a and b the commutative law is expressed as a+b=b+a. Multiplication of numbers is also commutative, i.e., a×b=b×a. In general, any binary operation, symbolized by ∘, joining mathematical entities A and B obeys the commutative law if A∘B=B∘A for all possible choices of A and B. Not all operations are commutative; e.g., subtraction is not since 2−5≠5−2, and division is not since 2 / 5≠ 5 / 2.

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The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright© 2004, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V. All rights reserved.

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Questia Books and Articles on: Commutative Law
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books on: Commutative Law  - 762 results

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1.
On Law, Morality, and Politics
Book by Richard J. Regan, William P. Baumgarth, Thomas Aquinas; Hackett, 2002
Subjects: Law And Ethics, Law And Politics, Natural Law
...Governing the Administration of Justice A 1 Did the Old Law Ordain Fitting 93 Precepts Regarding Rulers? 3 Justice...A 1 Do We Appropriately Designate Distributive 123 and Commutative Justice Species of Justice? A 2 Do We Understand the Mean...
2.
Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law
Book by David G. Owen; Clarendon Press, 1995
Subjects: Law--Philosophy, Torts
...primary function of government, Finnis maintains, is to apply commutative justice to rectify such intentional harms by requiring the...loss. Distinguishing the fairness principles of negligence law from the concept of intent, he notes the analogical relationship...
3.
The Tradition of Natural Law: A Philosopher's Reflections
Book by Yves R. Simon, Vukan Kuic; Fordham University Press, 1992
Subjects: Natural Law
THE TRADITION OF NATURAL LAW The Tradition of Natural Law A Philosopbers Reflections by Yves R. Simon edited...Simon, Yves Rene Marie. 1903-1961. The tradition of natural law: a philosophers reflections / Yves R. Simon: edited by Vukan...
4.
The Enforceability of Promises in European Contract Law
Book by James Gordley; Cambridge University Press, 2001
Subjects: Contracts--Europe, Promise (Law)--Europe
...explained contract law in terms of three...liberality, and commutative justice. For Aristotle...scholastic and natural law theories of fidelity, liberality, and commutative justice; and the...imported it into civil law. 87 The late...principle that an act of commutative justice required...
5.
Law and Economics in Civil Law Countries
Book by Bruno Deffains, Thierry Kirat; JAI, 2001
Subjects: Civil Law Systems, Law And Economics
LAW AND ECONOMICS IN CIVIL LAW COUNTRIES THE ECONOMICS OF LEGAL RELATIONSHIPS Series Editor: Nicholas...State University THE ECONOMICS OF LEGAL RELATIONSHIPS VOLUME 6 LAW AND ECONOMICS IN CIVIL LAW COUNTRIES EDITED BY BRUNO DEFFAINS...
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journal articles on: Commutative Law  - 56 results

       More journal Results: 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 >>  
 
1.
Contract as a Transfer of Ownership
Journal article by Peter Benson; William and Mary Law Review, Vol. 48, 2007
Subjects: Breach of contract--Remedies, Transfer (Law)--Laws, regulations and rules
...the virtues of liberality and commutative justice. The law should advance these virtues...relation. What about the virtue of commutative justice? This virtue does have...exchange of values is ruled out by commutative justice unless the difference...
2.
John O'Manique. the Origins of Justice: The Evolution of Morality, Human Rights and Law
Journal article by Dorothy Van Soest; Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, Vol. 31, 2004
Subjects: Books--Book reviews, The Origins of Justice: The Evolution of Morality, Human Rights and Law (Book)--Book reviews
...of Morality, Human Rights and Law. Philadelphia: University of...justice--distributive, legal, and commutative--that are based on the social...hypothesis that human rights, law, and justice arise within caring...rights and obligations, and law--OManique is looking for the...
3.
On the Alienability of Legal Claims
Journal article by Michael Abramowicz; Yale Law Journal, Vol. 114, 2005
Subjects: Barratry--Laws, regulations and rules, Legal ethics--Laws, regulations and rules, Maintenance (Criminal law)--Laws, regulations and rules, Maintenance and champerty--Laws, regulations and rules
...it would no longer recognize the common law doctrines of barratry, maintenance, and...Massachusetts case abolishing the common law prohibitions, the court noted mysteriously...more narrow problems in particular areas of law. (22) Meanwhile, the philosophical literature...
4.
Morality and Contract: The Question of Paternalism
Journal article by James Gordley; William and Mary Law Review, Vol. 48, 2007
Subjects: Contracts--Laws, regulations and rules, Morality--Evaluation, Paternalism--Laws, regulations and rules
...that the reason the law is cautious in enforcing...need, the aim of commutative justice is to preserve...did say that human law is concerned only...distributive and commutative justice; if particular...distributive or commutative justice, it does...had thought human law should be concerned...
5.
The International Criminal Court: Possibilities for Prosecutorial Abuse
Journal article by Alfred P. Rubin; Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 64, 2001
Subjects: Criminal courts--International aspects, United Nations. International Criminal Court--Laws, regulations, etc.
...nearly all cases. For example, is it "commutative justice" to punish only the actual perpetrators...also? 34 If a child is killed, is it commutative justice to punish only the killer and...felt need of each municipal criminal law system to do justice sufficiently to...
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magazine articles on: Commutative Law  - 12 results

       More magazine Results: 1-10 11-12 >>  
 
1.
St. Thomas Aquinas and Modern Catholic Doctrine
Magazine article by Joseph Ferraro; Monthly Review, Vol. 38, June 1986
Subjects: Catholic Church--Social policy, Economics--Social aspects, Natural law--Interpretation and construction, Property and socialism--Religious aspects, Property rights--Religious aspects, Property--Religious aspects, Religion and economics--Social aspects, Religion--Analysis, Religion--Social aspects, Right of property--Religious aspects, Socialism and religion--Analysis, Socialism--Analysis, Socialism--Religious aspects, Thomas Aquinas, Saint--Criticism and interpretation
...find juridical expression in commutative justice (against robbery...that based upon the natural law precept of the common use...if, as argued by Engels, the law of value by which labor time...transaction would be against commutative justice; and this is exactly...
2.
Mental Maths - Passive to Active
Magazine article by Victoria Williamson; Mathematics Teaching, March 2007
Subjects: Children & youth, Learning, Methods, Problems, Tables, Teaching
...six. At the end of the second session, I played a rapid recall game on the same products to see if the task on the commutative law had been useful. The children were able to change the questions round to ones they felt more comfortable with. For...
3.
Representing Multiplication
Magazine article by Tony Harries, Patrick Barmby; Mathematics Teaching, January 2008
Subjects: Research & development--R&D, Tables
...represented. Now, looking at the commutative and distributive nature of...methods based on the distributive law. For example, infgure 5, we...strategy using the distributive law. The task they were working...of multiplication, such as commutative and distributive properties...
4.
Persons and Rights
Magazine article by Russell Hittinger; First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life, December 2005
Subjects: Books--Book reviews, Who is My Neighbor? Personalism and the Foundations fo Human Rights (Book)--Book reviews
...political orders as constructs of commutative justice; the rejection, or...institutions of justice and the rule of law, whatever its historical and...they are integral to natural law and to the gospel imperative...Studies and Research Professor of Law at the University of Tulsa.
5.
Just Deserts: Beyond the Free Market
Magazine article by Kent A. Van Til; The Christian Century, Vol. 124, March 20, 2007
Subjects: Distribution (Economics)--Analysis, Economic policy--Evaluation, Free enterprise--Analysis, Less Than Two Dollars a Day: A Christian View of World Poverty and the Free Market (Book)--Excerpts, Social policy--Evaluation
...on a false distinction between love and law. Jesus says, "If you love me you will keep...remain in my love" (John 14:15; 15:10). Law and love are not at opposite poles in scripture...distinction between civil and religious law: that is, civil laws are enforceable, and...
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newspaper articles on: Commutative Law  - 2 results

 
 
1.
Attitude of a Servant
Newspaper article; Manila Bulletin, October 7, 2007
...salary" rests on a basis of commutative justice. Once I have performed...gratitude. A salary is based on law, whereas a gift is based on...fulfilled the requirements of the Law during an entire lifetime...eternal life as a matter of commutative justice. At bottom, eternal...
2.
DND Ordered to Speed Up AFP Modernization
Newspaper article; Manila Bulletin, July 14, 2007
...patience and therefore demands the recourse and application of commutative justice. "It is definitely not to answer barbarism with any equally...consists of four treaties that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns.


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encyclopedia articles on: Commutative Law  - 10 results

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1.
Commutative Law
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
COMMUTATIVE LAW in mathematics, law holding that...for any two numbers a and b the commutative law is expressed as a + b = b + a. Multiplication...mathematical entities A and B obeys the commutative law if A B = B A for all possible...
2.
Ring , Mathematical System
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...associative and distributes over addition (see commutative law ; associative law ; distributive law ). A commutative ring is one in which the commutative law also holds for multiplication. Examples...
3.
Noether, Emmy
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...contributions to the development of abstract algebra, which studies the formal properties, e.g., associative law , commutative law , and distributive law , of algebraic operations. In 1915 she joined David Hilbert and C. F. Klein at Gottingen Univ...
4.
Addition
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...b, respectively. In arithmetic addition follows the associative law , the commutative law , and, in combination with multiplication, the distributive law . Addition is also defined for other types of mathematical objects, for example...
5.
Axiom
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...are added to equals, the sums are equal") and those related to operations (e.g., the associative law and the commutative law ). A postulate, like an axiom, is a statement that is accepted without proof; however, it deals with specific subject...
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