GEIGER COUNTER

or Geiger-Müller (G-M) countergīˈgər-mŭlˈər, –myooˈlər, instrument for the detection and quantitative determination of ionizing radiation such as the alpha and beta rays given off by radioactive minerals and cosmic rays. It was first developed by Hans Geiger and later improved by Geiger and A. Müller. Variously designed for different uses, it consists commonly of a gas-filled metal cylinder that acts as one electrode, and a needle or thin taut wire along the axis of the cylinder that acts as the other electrode. Glass caps used to seal the ends of the tube serve as insulators. A voltage applied to the device is so adjusted that it is almost strong enough to cause a current to pass through the gas from one electrode to the other. The gas becomes ionized whenever the counter is brought near radioactive substances, however little the quantity and however faint the emanations. The resulting ionized particles of gas are able to carry the current from one electrode to the other, thus completing a circuit. Once established, the current is amplified by an electronic device so that it can indicate by an audible click the presence of ionized particles. The gas quickly returns to its normal nonionized state, permitting each new particle or ray to register, making counting possible. The instrument can also register ionization by a pointer and scale called a rate meter. The Geiger counter is used in the detection of cosmic rays and for locating radioactive minerals. Counters enable radioactive tracers to be followed as they make their way through complex organisms such as the human body; in medicine Geiger counters have found several successful uses in the location of malignancies. They are used also to follow radioactive isotopes in chemical reactions. For a number of research applications the Geiger counter has been largely replaced by scintillometers and other more complex devices.

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The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright© 2004, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V. All rights reserved.

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Questia Books and Articles on: Geiger Counter
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books on: Geiger Counter  - 457 results

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1.
Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter Reformation
Book by William James Bouwsma; Berkeley, University of California Press, 1968
Subjects: Counter-Reformation--Italy--Venice, Renaissance--Italy--Venice, Venice (Italy)--History--1508-1797
...though his descrip tion of Quattrocento Venice certainly needs some modification and must ____________________ 1 Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien: Ein Versuch , 10th ed., ed. Ludwig Geiger Leipzig, 1908 , 1, 65.
2.
Chapel of Extreme Experience: A Short History of Stroboscopic Light and the Dream Machine
Book by John Geiger; Soft Skull Press, 2003
Subjects: Optical Illusions, Stroboscopes--Physiological Effect, Stroboscopes--Psychological Aspects
...employed regular rhythmic flashes, but also experimented with random flicker achieved by driving the flashes with a Geiger counter responding randomly to a radioactive source, although he found the patterns obtained were similar. Beginning in...
3.
Soviet Society: A Book of Readings
Book by Alex Inkeles, Kent Geiger; Houghton Mifflin, 1961
Subjects: Soviet Union--Civilization--Collections
...type." An example is the law concerning counter-revolutionary crimes. For the most...treason; however, also prohibited is "counter-revolutionary propaganda and agitation...moreover, a necessary element is "counter-revolutionary intent," which may mean...
4.
Reform through Community: Resocializing Offenders in the Kibbutz
Book by Michael Fischer, Brenda Geiger, Hans Toch; Greenwood Press, 1991
Subjects: Criminals--Rehabilitation--Israel, Juvenile Delinquents--Rehabilitation--Israel, Kibbutzim, Resocialization--Israel
...what and how much they will learn from any given situation. Developing autonomy is essential, dependence on professionals counter-productive. Argyris presents basic components for individual planned change within groups 1 encouragement of free and open...
5.
To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900-1940
Book by Roger L. Geiger; Oxford University Press, 1986
Subjects: Research Institutes--United States--History, Science--United States--History, Universities And Colleges--United States
...seemed to seize the initiative in critical academic decisions; at Harvard and Chicago research-minded faculties provided a counter- weight to presidents with somewhat different priorities; and at Yale and MIT administrative leadership was required to encourage...
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journal articles on: Geiger Counter  - 109 results

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1.
Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus
Journal article by Anthony J. Saldarini; Theological Studies, Vol. 60, 1999
Subjects: Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus. (Book)--Reviews, Books--Reviews
...According to Heschel, Abraham Geiger (1810-74) responded to...subordination) to Judaism. Though Geiger, one the intellectual leaders...defended Judaism by creating a "counter history" to the dominant Christian...conservative Christian scholars. Geiger engaged in broad-based research...contexualizes the evolution of Geigers views amid the 19th-century...
2.
Reasoning with Conditionals: Does Every Counterexample Count? It's Frequency That Counts
Journal article by Sonja M. Geiger, Klaus Oberauer; Memory & Cognition, Vol. 35, 2007
Subjects: Cognition & reasoning, Research & development--R&D, Studies
...exceptions on inference tasks (Geiger Oberauer, 2006; Oaksford...evidence that the availability of counter-example information suppresses...demonstrated in a recent study (Geiger Oberauer, 2006). Verschueren...two probabilistic views, see Geiger Oberauer, 2006). One theory...
3.
Merger Mania: Legal and Strategic Response Options for Small Business
Journal article by Joseph Geiger, Jerry Wegman; The Entrepreneurial Executive, Vol. 5, 2000
Subjects: Anti takeover strategy, Competition, Law, Small business, United States
...for Small Business by Joseph Geiger , Jerry Wegman INTRODUCTION...antitrust laws were enacted to counter that threat. The first federal...bigger yourself, (2) Creative counter-punching, and (3) Attacking...and purchasing. Creative Counter Punching This strategy is focused...
4.
Strategy/structure Fit and Firm Performance
Journal article by Scott W. Geiger, William J. Ritchie, Dan Marlin; Organization Development Journal, Vol. 24, 2006
Subjects: Organizational behavior, Organizational structure, Performance evaluation, Regression analysis, Strategic management, Studies
...Fit and Firm Performance by Scott W. Geiger , William J. Ritchie , Dan Marlin Introduction...with other types of diversification (Geiger Hoffman, 1998). Rumelt (1974) defines...with fit than with no fit. This runs counter with much of the literature suggesting...
5.
Temporal Isolation Does Not Facilitate Forward Serial Recall-or Does It?
Journal article by Sonja M. Geiger, Stephan Lewandowsky; Memory & Cognition, Vol. 36, 2008
Subjects: Memory, Psychology
...Facilitate Forward Serial Recall-or Does It? by Sonja M. Geiger , Stephan Lewandowsky In trying to explain peoples ability...the list A.....B.C.D...E. This occurrence runs counter to the expectation of distinctiveness theories, which would...
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magazine articles on: Geiger Counter  - 72 results

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1.
Geiger at Antioch
Magazine article by Clifford Geertz; The Antioch Review, Vol. 58, Winter 2000
Subjects: Antioch University. Antioch College--Officials and employees, College faculty--Appreciation, College teachers--Appreciation, Geiger, George--Appreciation, Philosophers--Appreciation
...college (eventually named, at Geigers insistence, the John Dewey...to me at the time, about Geigers devotion to Dewey, to his...and explication, in which Geigers own views were simply not...which, and against which, Geiger, year in and year out (though...free spirits?), it was counter-cultural before its time...
2.
Geiger at Antioch
Magazine article by Clifford Geertz; The Antioch Review, Vol. 59, Spring 2001
Subjects: College faculty--Behavior, College teachers--Behavior, Geiger, George--Behavior, Pragmatism--Speeches, lectures and essays, Teaching--Speeches, lectures and essays
...college (eventually named, at Geigers insistence, the John Dewey...to me at the time, about Geigers devotion to Dewey, to his...and explication, in which Geigers own views were simply not...which, and against which, Geiger, year in and year out (though...free spirits?), it was counter-cultural before its time...
3.
Scanning for Superiority
Magazine article by Joe Queenan; Chief Executive, November 2003
Subjects: Consumer goods, Corporate responsibility, Electronics, United States
...refers to as a "Cold-War-Era Geiger Counter," this somewhat bulky object contains...consumers dont want to carry a clunky Geiger counter to the supermarket, because...The Times notes that the ethical Geiger counter is rather noisy, so much...
4.
Nuclear Spoons: Hot Metal May Find Its Way to Your Dinner Table
Magazine article by Anne-Marie Cusac; The Progressive, Vol. 62, October 1998
Subjects: Metal industry--Health aspects, Radioactivity--Toxicology, United States. Department of Energy--Environmental policy
...building. Here, he says, workers search bags with a Geiger counter to find hot pieces of trash. "So the bags could...We leave the building. Nearby, sits a chirping Geiger counter. From the pine woods, comes the long drone of locusts...
5.
Children of War
Magazine article by Kelley Beaucar Vlahos; American Conservative, Vol. 10, April 2011
Subjects: Al Fallujah Iraq, Birth defects, Contamination, Foreign policy, Iraq War-2003, Obama, Barack, Presidents, Public health, State of the Union Address, United States
...still hot. They make Geiger counters sing, and they stick...battle debris with a Geiger counter. He noted that the Air...levels. It made the Geiger counter staccato bursts turn into...of their moral Geiger counters, the U.S. public neatly...
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newspaper articles on: Geiger Counter  - 114 results

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1.
Geiger Counters Lancers with Bicycle Kick
Newspaper article; The Register-Guard (Eugene, OR), October 2, 2007
Geiger Counters Lancers with Bicycle Kick...bounced high toward Esty Geiger and, with her back to the...just instincts," said Geiger, a North Eugene senior...every soccer players dream. Geigers backward flip shot was drilled...
2.
Why Women Find This Man So Smarmy
Newspaper article; The Daily Mail (London, England), October 11, 1996
Subjects: Major, John
...tend to consult their inbuilt geiger-counter for sussing out men-on-the-make. Our fake-detecting geiger-counter may not always work...the existence of this internal geiger-counter and probably come to...
3.
Sleuthing out Truth on UFOs
Newspaper article; The Register-Guard (Eugene, OR), June 26, 2006
...the ground for impressions; take readings with his Geiger counter - or the "Cutie Pie" that measures alpha, beta...Equipment: Camera, binoculars, spotting scope, Geiger counter and the "Cutie Pie," which measures alpha, beta...
4.
Chemical Plant under Attack
Newspaper article by Gerald Mizejewski; The Washington Times, July 23, 1998
Subjects: Neutron Products Inc.
...home appears peaceful enough - until she turns on a Geiger counter. "Thats absurd!" she says, reacting to a radiation...field and several houses. On a recent afternoon, the Geiger counter recorded readings of 32 to 119 counts per minute in...
5.
What Is the Message Drawn in the Corn? FINAL DAY:THEY'VE BEEN DISMISSED AS HOAXES BUT CAN WE BE SURE EXTRA-TERRESTRIALS TRYING TO COMMUNICATE WITH US?
Newspaper article; The Daily Mail (London, England), May 15, 1996
...equipment behaved strangely. Although the tape recorder, Geiger counter and night-vision scope were in perfect order, all...were found in the soil. The ground readings on the Geiger counter were 25 times the normal background level. A cloud...
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encyclopedia articles on: Geiger Counter  - 7 results

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1.
Geiger Counter
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
GEIGER COUNTER or Geiger-Muller (G-M) counter gi g r-mul r, myoo l r...becomes ionized whenever the counter is brought near radioactive...a rate meter. The Geiger counter is used in the detection of...locating radioactive minerals. Counters enable radioactive tracers...
2.
Geiger, Johannes Wilhelm
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...GEIGER, JOHANNES WILHELM (Hans Geiger)yohan s vil helm gi g r, 1882 1945, German physicist. Geiger received a doctorate in physics...devised an alpha-particle counter that permitted great strides...on radioactivity. In 1912, Geiger returned to Germany, directing...
3.
Particle Detector
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...of the radiation. In the ionization chamber and the Geiger counter , the radiation is measured by changes in an external...luminescent effect of radiation is the scintillation counter . In addition to these larger instruments, there are...
4.
Radiochemistry
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...mechanisms of complex organic reactions, since even minute amounts of these isotopes are easily detected by means of a Geiger counter or photographic film. For example, by feeding plants carbon dioxide that contains the radioisotope carbon-14 and...
5.
Space Science
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...position in space. Telemetry is the transmission of data back to earth by an on-board instrument (e.g., camera, Geiger counter, or magnetometer). Control includes the overall direction of a spacecraft to achieve the intended trajectory...
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