LEOPOLD II, King of the Belgians

1835–1909, king of the Belgians (1865–1909), son and successor of Leopold I. His reign saw great industrial and colonial expansion. In 1876 he organized, with the help of H. M. Stanley, the International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of the Congo. At a European conference (Berlin, 1884–85), the Congo Free State was established under Leopold's personal rule (see Congo, Democratic Republic of the). He proceeded to amass a huge personal fortune by exploiting the Congo directly and by leasing concessions. Forced labor was extorted from the natives, frequently by barbarous methods, until scandal compelled Leopold to turn over the Congo to the Belgian government (1908). In Belgium itself the Conservative Catholic party replaced (1880) the Liberals in power. Increasing social discontent and the rise of the Labor party forced the introduction (1893) of universal male suffrage, but unrest continued because of the appalling condition of industrial workers. Leopold's private life was as scandalous and dissolute as his public conduct. He was succeeded by his nephew, Albert I.

See A. Hochschild, King Leopold's Ghost (1998).

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The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright© 2004, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V. All rights reserved.

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Questia Books and Articles on: Leopold II King of the Belgians
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books on: Leopold II King of the Belgians  - 282 results

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1.
The King Incorporated: Leopold II in the Age of Trusts
Book by Neal Ascherson; George Allen & Unwin, 1963
Subjects: Laeopold--Ii--King Of The Belgians--1835-1909
...receptacle for most of Leopold's personal cash fortune...worth 18,250,000 Belgian francs in the districts...3 It was typical of Leopold's taste for multiple...from 'His Majesty Leopold II, King of the Belgians'. Cattier; Etude...
2.
Agent for the Resistance: A Belgian Saboteur in World War II
Book by Herman Bodson, Richard Schmidt; Texas A&M University Press, 1994
Subjects: Bodson, Herman--1912-, Guerrillas--Belgium--Biography, World War, 1939-1945--Personal Narratives, Belgian, World War, 1939-1945--Underground Movements--Belgium
...that sooner or later we must succumb to their larger and betterequipped forces. May 28 Belgium has capitulated, but King Leopold III has refused to join the government in exile. He wishes to be taken prisoner with his army. So it is over. Belgium...
3.
An Anthology of Contemporary Belgian Plays, 1970-1982: Hugo Claus, Renae Kalisky, Jean Louvet, Jean Sigrid, Lucienne Stassaert, Ivo Van Hove
Book by David Willinger, Luc Deneulin, Karl Desloovere, Luk Truyts; Whitston, 1984
Subjects: Belgian Drama (French)--20th Century--Translations Into English, Flemish Drama--20th Century--Translations Into English
...I can. LIVINGSTONE: King, weve been at it for...enough for Henry and me. LEOPOLD II: Enough? Never. There...Weve had it up to here. LEOPOLD II: We have, at present...The stock market, the Belgians, the balance of trade...
4.
The Story of the Congo Free State: Social, Political, and Economic Aspects of the Belgian System of Government in Central Africa
Book by Henry Wellington Wack; G. P. Putnams Sons, 1905
Subjects: Belgium--Colonies--Africa--Administration, Congo (Democratic Republic)
...of the great work achieved by King Leopold, and their opinions of his...assured. The large part played by Leopold, King of the Belgians, in its creation had received...the world, who had recognised Leopold II., King of the Belgians, as...
5.
Belgian Administration in the Congo
Book by Georges Brausch; Oxford University Press, 1961
Subjects: Belgium--Colonies, Congo (Democratic Republic)--History--1908-1960
...GOVERNMENT T HE Belgians first came...State, and the King of the Belgians became its...In 1908 King Leopold II transferred...powers to the Belgian state and the Congo became a Belgian colony. We...before the Belgians came to Central...
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journal articles on: Leopold II King of the Belgians  - 20 results

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1.
Ford's Joseph Conrad: A Personal Remembrance as Metafiction: Or, How Conrad Became an Elizabethan Poet
Journal article by Joseph Wiesenfarth; Renascence: Essays on Values in Literature, Vol. 53, 2000
Subjects: Conrad, Joseph--Criticism, interpretation, etc., Ford, Ford Madox--Criticism, interpretation, etc., Novelists--Technique
...made war. The sub-villain was to be Leopold II, King of the Belgians, the foul--and incidentally lecherous--beast...Northcliffe, and Duc de Mersch for Leopold II, King of the Belgians (`the foul beast who had created the Congo Free...
2.
Black Catholic Theology: A Historical Perspective
Journal article by Cyprian Davis; Theological Studies, Vol. 61, 2000
Subjects: African American Catholics--History, African American theologians--History, Saints--Case studies
...what was then the Belgian Congo into a family...independence in the Belgian Congo resulted in...awarded Leopold II King of the Belgians the territory in...Congo Free State. Leopold governed the vast...bricklayer for a Belgian firm, he came into...Emperor Theodosius II (401-450...
3.
The Gulf Crisis and African-American Interests Under International Law
Journal article by Henry J. Richardson III; American Journal of International Law, Vol. 87, 1993
Subjects: International Law, International Relations
...On appeals for rights of colonized African peoples, see, e.g., An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Leopold II , King of the Belgians, and Sovereign of the Independent State of Congo, by Colonel the Honorable Geo W. Williams, of the United...
4.
More Than Red Rubber and Figures Alone: a Critical Appraisal of the Memory of the Congo Exhibition at the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium*
Journal article by Jan-Bart Gewald; The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 39, 2006
Subjects: Congo Basin, Fairs & exhibitions, Museums, Violence, War
...accepted, under the directives of His Majesty the King of the Belgians Leopold II, the command of one of the new exploration expeditions...command of Hermann Wissmann in the service of the Belgian King Leopold II.31 Throughout 1884 von Francois traveled with...
5.
Reconstructing the Congo
Journal article by Herbert F. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis; Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 58, 2004
Subjects: Congo (Kinshasa)--History, Congo (Kinshasa)--Military policy, Postwar reconstruction--Military aspects, Postwar reconstruction--Political aspects
...leadership and ownership of King Leopold II of the Belgians, established a private...for "his" colony, Leopold became one of the founders...pressured a reluctant Belgian parliament into accepting...became a colony of the Belgian state and was renamed...
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magazine articles on: Leopold II King of the Belgians  - 21 results

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1.
The King's Lobbyists
Magazine article by Adam Hochschild; American Scholar, Vol. 67, Summer 1998
Subjects: Belgium, Heads of state, Leopold, II--Behavior, Sanford, Henry Shelton--Behavior
...connection to the Belgian royal family...Belgiums king, Leopold II. Sanford even...of his sons Leopold. Always a...land to the king. The claim...the Belgian kings personal envoy...negotiations with the Belgian government...followed that of Leopold. Through this...effects of the kings long, brutal...Hochschilds book King Leopolds Ghost...
2.
King Leopold's Ghost
Magazine article by Stephen Williams; African Business, July 1999
Subjects: Book reviews, Books--Book reviews
...both how Leopold II, King of the Belgians carved a personal...In December 1865 Leopold II had succeeded his father, Leopold I. His obsession...was to earn the King his sobriquet of...haemorrhaging the Kings fortune at an alarming...being raised in the Belgian parliament. Leopold...
3.
Belgium's Survival as a Nation
Magazine article by Mark Corner; Contemporary Review, Vol. 290, Spring 2008
Subjects: Belgian foreign relations--Political aspects, Belgian foreign relations--Social aspects, Belgium--Economic aspects, Belgium--Political aspects, Belgium--Social aspects, Liberalism--Analysis, Liberalism--Social aspects
...a teacup and the Belgian spirit of compromise...sections of the Belgian media manage to...alleged by some Belgians to be dousing the...years of the new Belgian state provided economic...country under its new King Leopold, Queen Victorias...Under King Leopold II a total reconstruction...
4.
Physician Heal Thyself
Magazine article by Tom Mbakwe; New African, January 2002
Subjects: Belgian foreign relations--Congo (Kinshasa), Belgium, Congo (Kinshasa) foreign relations--Belgium, Congo (Kinshasa)--International aspects, Crimes against humanity--Belgium, Genocide--Congo (Kinshasa), War crimes--Belgium
...Movement. "Belgiums King Leopold II," the Movement says...As a reward, King Leopold was given Congo, a territory...bought Congo from King Leopold. The negotiations for...deal was done. "The Belgian government first of all...
5.
The Foundation of Belgium: Philip Mansel Recalls the Creation of the Kingdom of Belgium in 1831, in a Successful Act of Co-operation between London, Paris and Brussels
Magazine article by Philip Mansel; History Today, Vol. 56, May 2006
Subjects: Belgian foreign relations, Belgium--History, Belgium--Political aspects, Belgium--Social aspects
...a vigorous sense of Belgian identity, based on...pamphlet claimed: the Belgian nation has always distinguished...the liberty of the Belgians is lost in the dawn of time ... Joseph II, in contrast, was...Europe was not French but Belgian. However, it lasted...de la societe. The Kings attempts to make Dutch...Monsieur Guillaume, as the King was called, were his...
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newspaper articles on: Leopold II King of the Belgians  - 10 results

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1.
The Mistress's Burden; ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS
Newspaper article; The Daily Mail (London, England), October 4, 2011
...that country but it was entirely the fiefdom of Leopold II King of the Belgians, who ran it as he thought fit. The Force Publique was a paramilitary force, officered not only by Belgians but also by Germans and others (with at least one...
2.
Love in an Old Climate; ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS
Newspaper article; The Daily Mail (London, England), October 4, 2011
...force -- the Congo was entirely the fiefdom of Leopold II King of the Belgians, who ran it as he thought fit. The Force Publique was a paramilitary force, officered not only by Belgians but also by Germans and others (with at least one...
3.
Amazonian Diaries of Roger Casement; He Is Celebrated as an Irish Patriot, but His Fight to Free Victims of Imperialism Stretched as Far as the South American Jungle
Newspaper article; The Daily Mail (London, England), December 27, 2010
Subjects: Imperialism
...provide rubber for the Belgian-owned companies that...squarely at the feet of Leopold II, King of the Belgians, a first cousin of...Casements report that Leopold was forced to relinquish...British rather than Belgian backers. In September...
4.
Mr Stanley, I Presume; Books: Critic's Choice
Newspaper article; The Daily Mail (London, England), March 9, 2007
...Stanley took up the offer of Leopold II, King of the Belgians, to establish trading stations...He believed the duplicitous Leopold had the same philanthropic objectives...left Africa long before the Belgian Congo became the heart of darkness...
5.
Local Hero?
Newspaper article; Wales On Sunday (Cardiff, Wales), October 10, 2010
...Stanleys African expeditions marked by a callous violence and brutality, not to mention his association with Leopold II, King of the Belgians, and his responsibility for helping the Butcher of Congo establish his rule over the Congo Free State which...
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encyclopedia articles on: Leopold II King of the Belgians  - 10 results

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1.
Leopold II , King of the Belgians
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
LEOPOLD II , king of the Belgians 1835 1909, king of the Belgians (1865 1909), son and successor of Leopold I . His reign saw...scandal compelled Leopold to turn over the Congo to the Belgian government (1908...
2.
Leopold I , King of the Belgians
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
LEOPOLD I , king of the Belgians 1790 1865, king of the Belgians...English throne. After her death (1817) Leopold remained in England. In 1830 he rejected...Albert . He was succeeded by his son, Leopold II . He was also the father of Carlotta...
3.
Albert II , King of the Belgians
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
ALBERT II , king of the Belgians 1934 , king of the Belgians (1993 ), the younger son of Leopold III . He married Donna Paola Ruffo...have three children. Albert became king when Baudouin , his brother, died...
4.
Albert I , King of the Belgians
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
ALBERT I , king of the Belgians 1875 1934, king of the Belgians (1909 34), nephew and successor of Leopold II . He married (1900...that recovered the Belgian coast. The king...succeeded by his son, Leopold III . His daughter...later King Humbert II ) of Italy. See...
5.
Congo, Democratic Republic of The
Encyclopedia article; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2009
...colonized by Leopold II , king of the Belgians...1865 1909). Leopold believed that...sensing that the Belgians would not support...establish the kings authority in...giving the king sovereignty...the Congo, Leopold sought and...loans from the Belgian parliament...Lake Leopold II (NE of Kinshasa...
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