Desmond Tutu

Tutu, Desmond - 1931–, South African religious leader. Educated in South Africa and London and ordained in 1961, he became (1975) the first black Anglican dean of Johannesburg. As general secretary of the South African Council of Churches (1978–84) he was an outspoken campaigner against apartheid and was awarded (1984) the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent advocacy of reform. He Read More...

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Desmond Tutu

1 .

In the Footsteps of the Masters: Desmond M. Tutu and Abel T. Muzorewa
by Dickson A. Mungazi. 228 pgs.

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The height of colonial rule on the African continent saw two prominent religious leaders step to the fore: Desmond Tutu in South Africa, and Abel Muzorewa in Zimbabwe. Both Tutu and Muzorewa believed that Africans could govern their own nations responsibly and effectively if only they were given the opportunity. In expressing their religious views about the need for social justice, each man borrowed from national traditions that had shaped the policy of earlier church leaders. Tutu and Muzorewa argued that the political development of Africans was essential to the security of the white settlers and that whites should seek the promotion of political development of Africans as a condition of that future security.

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Title Page

Contents

Illustrations

Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1: The Role of the Church In South Africa and the Legacy of Trevor Huddleston

Notes

2: The Role of the Church In Zimbabwe and the Legacy of Ralph E. Dodge

Notes

3: Tutu's South Africa and Muzorewa's Zimbabwe Compared

Notes

4: Desmond M. Tutu: The Man And His Mission

Notes

5: Abel T. Muzorewa: The Man and His Mission

Notes

6: Tutu's Role in the Political Transformation of South Africa

Notes

7: Muzorewa's Role in The Political Transformation of Zimbabwe

Notes

8: Tutu and Muzorewa in the Footsteps of the Masters: Summary, Conclusion, and Implications

Notes

Selected Bibliography

Index

About the Author
2 .

Desmond Tutu's Message: A Qualitative Analysis
by Hendrik J. C. Pieterse. 160 pgs.

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Contents

Introduction: Desmond Tutu's Message in Perspective

Chapter 1: The Context of Apartheid

Chapter 2: South African Liberation Theology

Chapter 3: Structure of Thought

Chapter 4: Communication Style

Chapter 5: The Moral and Religious Self as a Process

Chapter 6: Prophetic Preaching in Context

Appendix 1: An Introduction to the Principles and Practice of Our Method of Qualitative Analysis

Appendix 2: Key Words

Appendix 3: Key Words

Personalia

Bibliography
3 .

Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu: Living Icons of Reconciliation, in The Ecumenical Review
by B. J. de Klerk. 12 pgs.

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4 .

Desmond Tutu, in The Progressive
by Zia Jaffrey. 4 pgs.

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5 .

An Available Instrument of Subversion, in UN Chronicle
by Desmond Tutu. 1 pgs.

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6 .

Our Hope for the Future, in Reclaiming Children and Youth
by Desmond Tutu. 1 pgs.

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7 .

Apartheid Is a Heresy (Chap. 4 "Christianity and Apartheid" by Desmond Tutu)
by John W. de Gruchy, Charles Villa-Vicencio. 184 pgs.

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Contents

Dedication

Abbreviations

Contributors

Acknowledgements

Foreword

The Editors Introduction

1 He Made Us All, but . . .

2 The History of a Heresy

4 Christianity and Apartheid

5 An Anthropological Heresy: a Critique Of White Theology

6 An All-Pervading Heresy: Racism And The 'English-Speaking Churches'

7 John W De Gruchy Towards a Confessing Church: The Implications of a Heresy

8 The Bible and Apartheid 1

9 The Bible and Apartheid 2

Appendix: Documentation
8 .

Religion and Resistance Politics in South Africa (Chap. 4 "Bishop Desmond Tutu and the United Democratic Front")
by Lyn S. Graybill. 157 pgs.

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This study focuses on Christianity and black nationalism in South Africa and looks at four individuals--Albert Lutuli, Robert Sobukwe, Steve Biko, and Desmond Tutu--to see how each leader's Christian beliefs influenced the political strategy he pursued. Just as theology (Calvinism) was significant in the formulation of Afrikaner nationalism, so too has theology, variously interpreted, been instrumental in the articulation of African nationalism. The African National Congress (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM), and the United Democratic Front (UDF) all relied on a Christian perspective and vocabulary to articulate the goals of black nationalism. By tracing this religious thread through each of these various resistance movements, the author has made a fascinating contribution to the literature of comparative politics, African studies, and the sociology of religion.

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Contents

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Notes

1: Albert Lutuli and the African National Congress

Notes

2: Robert Sobukwe and the Pan-Africanist Congress

Notes

3: Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement

Notes

4: Bishop Desmond Tutu and the United Democratic Front

Notes

Conclusion

Notes

Select Bibliography

Index

About the Author
9 .

An African Athens: Rhetoric and the Shaping of Democracy in South Africa (Chap. 1 "Desmond Tutu: The Oratorical Link")
by Philippe-Joseph Salazar. 226 pgs.

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An African Athens offers an analysis of a new ecology of rhetoric--the reshaping of a nation into a democracy through rhetorical means. Author Philippe-Joseph Salazar provides a general view of issues as they have taken shape in the apartheid and post-apartheid South African experience, presenting the country as a remarkable stage for playing out the great themes of public deliberation and the rise of postmodern rhetorical democracy. Salazar's intimate vantage point focuses on the striking case of a democracy won at the negotiating table and also won every day in public deliberation. This volume presents a full-scale rhetorical analysis of a democratic transformation in post-Cold War era, and provides a study of the demise of apartheid and post-apartheid from the standpoint of political and public rhetoric and communication. In doing so, it serves as a template for similar enquiries in the rhetorical study of emerging democracies. Intended for readers engaged in the study of political and public rhetoric with an interest in how democracy takes shape, An African Athens highlights South Africa as a test case for global democracy, for rhetoric, and for the relevance of rhetoric studies in a postmodern democracy.

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Title Page

Contents

About the Author

Series Editor's Foreword

Preface

1: Desmond Tutu: the Oratorical Link

2: So to Speak: the Rhetoric of Mandela

3: The Two Rhetorics of the Presidency

4: Democratic Deliberations

5: Reconciliation and Rhetoric

6: The “true Colours” of Popular Deliberation

7: The Rhetorical Cosmetics of Peace

8: Space as Democratic Deliberation

Conclusion: Robben Island as Foundation Rhetoric

Appendix I: Archbishop Desmond Tutu: Graduation Ceremony, University of Cape Town, December 7, 1993

Appendix II: President Nelson Mandela: Speech Delivered at the Opening of Parliament, Cape Town, May 24, 1994

Appendix III: President Thabo Mbeki: Speech Delivered at His Inauguration, Pretoria, June 16, 1999

Notes

References

Author Index

Subject Index
10 .

The Art of Peace: Nobel Peace Laureates Discuss Human Rights, Conflict and Reconciliation ("Archbishop Desmond Tutu: South Africa" begins on p. 93)
by Jeffrey Hopkins, Jose Ramos-Horta. 233 pgs.

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Nine Nobel Peace laureates discuss human rights, conflict, and reconciliation with the conviction that morality is essential for personal, political, social, and economic balance. Biographies of each participant and photos included.

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The Art of Peace

Contents

Preface: Bringing Together Great Hearts and Minds

Nobel Peace Laureates Conference: Human Rights, Conflict and Reconciliation

Remarks by Melvyn P. Leffler

Remarks by Michele Bohana

Opening Remarks by Julian Bond

José Ramos-Horta: East Timor

Betty Williams: Northern Ireland

Dr. Rigoberta Menchú Tum: Guatemala

Archbishop Desmond Tutu: South Africa

President Oscar Arias Sánchez: Costa Rica

Aung San Suu Kyi: Burma

Bobby Muller: Co-Founder of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines

Jody Williams: United States

His Holiness the Dalai Lama: Tibet

Nobel Peace Laureate Joint Declaration

Concluding Remarks by John T. Casteen III
11 .

Philosophers and Religious Leaders (Discussion of Desmond Tutu begins on p. 189)
by Christian D. Von Dehsen. 248 pgs.

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How did Elijah Muhammad's establishment of the Nation of Islam affect the civil rights movement in the United States? Philosophers and Religious Leaders answers that question and others as it presents 200 leaders whose lives and work have greatly influenced the world we live in today. Profiles include: Muhammad Abduh--architect of Islamic modernism. Mary Daly-- influential feminist theologian and philosopher. Mary Baker Eddy--founder of Christian Science. Mencius (Meng K'o)--Confucian moral philosopher and interpreter. Shang Yang--Chinese philosopher of legalist school.

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Table of Contents

Introduction

'Abduh, Muhammad: Architect of Islamic Modernism 1849-1905

Abelard, Peter: Theologian and Philosopher; Proponent of the Modern University 1079-1142

Abraham: First Biblical Patriarch c. 2000-1500 B.C.E.

Afghani, Jamal Ad- Din, Al-: Influential Twentieth-Century Pan-Islamist c. 1838-1897

Akhenaton: (Amenhotep IV) Egyptian Pharaoh; Advocate of Monolatry Reigned c. 1367-1350 B.C.E.

Akiba Ben Joseph: Early Interpreter of Jewish Law c. 40-.135

Anaximander: Philosopher-Scientist; Early Developer of Cosmological Theory c. 611-c. 547 B.C.E.

Anselm of Canterbury, Saint: Archbishop of Canterbury; Father of Scholasticism c.1033-1109

'Arabi, Ibn Al-: Master of Islamic Sufi Mysticism 1165-1240

Arendt, Hannah: Philosopher of Totalitarianism 1906-1975

Aristotle: Influential Greek Philosopher; Opponent of Platonic Concept of Forms 384-322 B.C.E.

Arjun: Fifth Sikh Guru; Compiler of the Adi Granth 1563-1606

Athanasius, Saint: Egyptian Bishop and Theologian; Developer of the New Testament Canon c. 293-373

Augustine of Hippo, Saint: Seminal Christian Theologian 354-430

Aurobindo Ghose: (Sri Aurobindo) Founder of Integral Yoga 1872-1950

Averroës: (Ibn Rushd) Islamic Theologian; Interpreter of Aristotle and Plato 1126-1198

Avicenna: (Ibn Sina) Islamic Philosopher; Synthesizer of Greek Thought 980-1037

Bacon, Francis: Philosopher of Science; Originator of Inductive Method of Scientific Inquiry 1561-1626

Baha' Allah: (Mirza Hoseyn Ali Nuri) Founder of Bahai Religion 1817-1892

Bakunin, Mikhail: Russian Revolutionary; Founder of Modern Anarchy 1814-1876

Barth, Karl: Christian Theologian and Originator of Neo-Orthodoxy; Active Opponent of Hitler 1886-1968

Benedict of Nursia, Saint: Founder of Basic Structure of Western Monasticism c. 480-547

Bentham, Jeremy: English Jurist and Philosopher; Expounder of Utilitarianism 1748-1832

Berkeley, George: Founder of Idealism 1685-1753

Bernadette of Lourdes, Saint (marie Bernarde Soubirous): Roman Catholic Visionary 1844-1879

Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint: Defender of Christianity Against Rationalism 1090-1153

Bihbihani, Aka Sayyid Muhammad Bakir: Influential Shiite Legal Scholar c. 1705-c. 1792

Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna: Founder of the Theosophical Movement 1831-1891

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus: Influential Medieval Philosopher; Architect of Scholasticism c. 480-c. 524

Boff, Leonardo: Influential Liberation Theologian 1938-

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich: German Theologian; Influential Nazi Resister 1900-1945

Buber, Martin: Religious Philosopher; Developer of Jewish Existentialism 1878-1965

Buddha: (Siddhartha Gautama) Founder of Buddhism c. 600-c. 400 B.C.E.

Bushnell, Horace: Protestant Theologian; Father of American Religious Liberalism 1802-1876

Calvin, John: Theologian; Leading Protestant Reformer 1509-1564

Channing, William Ellery: Early Unitarian Church Leader 1780-1842

Columba, Saint: Founder of the Influential Christian Community at Iona 521-597

Comte, Auguste: Founder of Sociology 1798-1857

Cone, James Hal: Architect of Black Liberation Theology 1938-

Confucius (k'Ung Ch'Iu): Chinese Philosopher; Founder of Confucianism 551-479 B.C.E.

Cranmer, Thomas: Leader of the English Reformation 1489-1556

Cyril of Alexandria, Saint: Architect of Early Christian Christology c. 375-444

Dalai Lama (tenzin Gyatso): Spiritual Leader of Tibetan Buddhism 1935-

Daly, Mary: Influential Feminist Theologian and Philosopher 1928-

David: Important Biblical Figure; Founder of Jerusalem Tenth Century B.C.E.

Derrida, Jacques: Postmodern French Philosopher; Proponent of Deconstructionism 1930-

Descartes, René: Originator of the Framework of Modern Philosophy 1596-1650

Dewey, John: Father of Progressive Education 1859-1952

Diderot, Denis: Encyclopedist and Major Philosopher of the French Enlightenment 1713-1784

Du Bois, W. E. B.: Black Nationalist Leader; Founder of the NAACP 1868-1963

Durkheim, Émile: Founder of Modern Methods of Sociology 1858-1917

Eddy, Mary Baker: Founder of Christian Science 1821-1910

Einhorn, David: Theologian of Reform Judaism 1809-1879

Elijah: Hebrew Prophet; Monotheist c. 9th Century B.C.E.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo: Pioneer of Transcendentalism 1803-1882

Epictetus: Influential Stoic Philosopher c. 50-c. 135

Epicurus: Founder of Epicurean School of Philosophy 341-270 B.C.E.

Erasmus, Desiderius: Humanist Theologian and Scholar; Christian Proponent of Free Will c.1469-1536

Farabi, Al-: First Theologian to Relate Islamic Theology to Greek Philosophy c. 878-c. 950

Fatimah Bint Muhammad: Daughter of Muhammad; Matriarch of the Shiite Sect c. 610-633

Fa-Tsang: Systematizer of Huayan School of Chinese Buddhism 643-712

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: Philosopher of Transcendental Idealism 1762-1814

Fortune, Dion: Founder of the Society of the Inner Light 1890-1946

Foucault, Michel: Wide-ranging Twentieth-Century Philosopher 1926-1984

Fox, George: Founder of the Quakers 1624-1691

Francis of Assisi, Saint: Founder of the Franciscan Order of Friars c. 1181-1226

Gadamer, Hans-Georg: Philosopher of Hermeneutics 1900-

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (mahatma): Father of Indian Independence; Leading Advocate of Nonviolent Protest 1869-1948

Garrison, William Lloyd: Leader of Abolitionist Movement 1805-1879

Garvey, Marcus: Founder and Leader of the Black Nationalist Movement 1887-1940

Ghazali, Al-: Influential Islamic Theologian and Mystic 1058-1111

Gladden, Solomon Washington: Protestant Leader of Social Gospel Movement 1836-1918

Gobind Singh: Founder of Khalsa Sect of Sikhism 1666-1708

Gregory I, Pope: Early Pope and Church Reformer c. 540-604

Gutiérrez, Gustavo: Originator of Latin American Liberation Theology 1928-

Hallaj, Al: Founder of the Sufi Halladjiyya Sect c. 858-922

Han-Fei-Tzu: Major Scholar of Chinese Legalist School c. 280-c. 233 B.C.E.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: Pioneer of Dialectical Historical Method 1770-1831

Heidegger, Martin: Influential Twentieth-Century Existential Philosopher 1889-1976

Herodotus: Father of European History c. 484--c. 425 B.C.E.

Heschel, Abraham Joshua: Influential Jewish Theologian and Social Activist 1907-1972

Hildegard Von Bingen, Saint: Major Figure in Medieval Mystical Tradition 1098-1179

Hsün-Tzu: Influential Confucian Moral Philosopher c. 300--c. 230 B.C.E.

Hubbard, L. Ron: Founder of the Church of Scientology 1911-1986

Hume, David: Major Enlightenment Philosopher; Critic of Empiricism 1711-1776

Hus, Jan: Czech Reformer of the Christian Church 1372-1415

Husserl, Edmund: Philosopher and Founder of Phenomenology 1859-1938

Ignatius of Loyola, Saint: Founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 1491-1556

Israel Ben Eliezer: (Ba'al Shem Tov) Founder of the Jewish Hasidic Movement c. 1700-1760

James, William: Preeminent American Psychologist; Philosophical Pragmatist 1842-1910

Jefferson, Thomas: Principal Author of the U.S. Declaration of Independence 1743-1826

Jeremiah: Biblical Prophet Influential in Diaspora Judaism c. 645--c. 570 B.C.E.

Jerome, Saint: Christian Theologian; Translator of the Bible into Latin c. 347-419/20

Jesus: Teacher, Healer, and Savior of the Christian Tradition c. 4 B.C.E.--c. 30 C.E.

Joan of Arc, Saint: National Heroine and Patron Saint of France c.1412-1431

John Xxiii, Pope: (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli) Pope and Modern Reformer of the Roman Catholic Church 1881-1963

John Paul Ii, Pope: (Karol Wojtyla) Influential Roman Catholic Pope 1920-

Junayd, Abu Al- Qasim, Al-: Architect of the First Theoretical Foundations of Sufism c. 825-c. 910

Kant, Immanuel: Leading Enlightenment Philosopher 1724-1804

Kaplan, Mordecai Menahem: American-Jewish Theologian; Founder of Reconstructionist Judaism 1881-1983

Keynes, John Maynard: Influential Political Economist; Advocate of Government Intervention in Economic Affairs 1883-1946

Khaldun, Ibn: Originator of the Sociological Approach to History 1332-1406

Khomeini, Ruhollah: Influential Twentieth-Century Islamic Leader c.1900-1989

Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye: Influential Existentialist Philosopher 1813-1855

Kindi, Yaqub Ibn: Ishaq as-Sabah, al- Islamic Philosopher and Synthesizer of Greek Thought c.800-c.873

King, Martin Luther, Jr.: Preeminent Civil Rights Leader 1929-1968

Lao-Tzu: Founder of Taoism c. 570-490 B.C.E.

Lee, Ann (mother Ann): Founder and Spiritual Leader of the Shakers 1736-1784

Locke, John: Architect of Classical Political Liberalism 1632-1704

Luther, Martin: Principal Figure in the Protestant Reformation 1483-1546

Machiavelli,: Niccolò Founder of Modern Political Science 1469-1527

Madhva: Founder of Hindu School of Dvaita Vedanta c.1199-c.1278

Madison, James: Principal Architect of the United States Constitution 1751-1836

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Founder of Transcendental Meditation 1911 (?)--

Mahavira (vardhamana): Founder of Jainism c.599-c.527 B.C.E.

Macolm X: (Malcolm Little) Militant Black Activist; Minister of the Nation of Islam 1925-1965

Mani (manes; Manichaeus): Founder of Manichaeism 216-c. 274

Mann, Horace: Educational Philosopher and Reformer; Advocate of Free Public Schools 1796-1859

Marcion: Influential Early Christian Heretic 1st-2nd Century C.E.

Marcus Aurelius: Roman Emperor; Stoic "Philosopher-King" 121-180

Marx, Karl: Originator of Marxism 1818-1883

Mary: Mother of Jesus; Object of Catholic Veneration 1t Century B.C.E.-1t Century C.E.

Matta Ibn Yunus: Early Arabic Commentator on Aristotle d. 940

Melanchthon, Philipp: Humanist and Reformation Theologian; Author of Influential Lutheran Documents 1497-1560

Mencius (meng K'O): Confucian Moral Philosopher and Interpreter c. 371-c. 289 B.C.E.

Mill, John Stuart: Pioneer of Utilitarianism 1806-1873

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem De: Influential French Philosopher and Essayist 1533-1592

Montesquieu, Baron De La Brède Et De: (Charles Louis de Secondat) Originator of the Theory of the Separation of Powers 1689-1755

Montessori, Maria: Educational Philosopher; Originator of the Montessori Method 1870-1952

Moon, Sun Myung: Evangelist and Founder of the Unification Church 1920-

More, Sir Thomas, Saint: Author of Utopia; Defender of the Roman Catholic Faith 1477-1535

Moses: First Leader and Lawgiver of the Ancient Israelites c. 13th century B.C.E.

Moses Ben Maimon (maimonides): Medieval Jewish Philosopher; Codifier of Jewish Law 1135-1204

Muhammad: Prophet and Founder of Islam c. 570-632

Muhammad, Elijah: (Elijah Poole) Leader of the Nation of Islam 1897-1975

Nanak: Founder of Sikhism 1469-1539

Niebuhr, Reinhold: Political Theologian; Advocate of Christian Political Activism 1892-1971

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm: Influential Philosopher and Critic of Judeo-Christian Tradition 1844-1900

Origen: (Oregenes Adamantius) Synthesizer of Early Christian Theology c. 185-c. 255

Palmer, Phoebe Worrall: Founder of the Holiness Movement 1807-1874

Parham, Charles Fox: Founder of American Pentecostalism 1873-1929

Pascal, Blaise: Influential Mathematician, Theologian, and Philosopher of Science 1623-1662

Patañjali: Traditional Author of the Yoga-Sutras c. 220 B.C.E. to c. 400 C.E.

Patrick, Saint: Patron Saint and National Apostle of Ireland c. 390-c. 461

Paul (saul of Tarsus): Influential Early Christian Thinker and Missionary c. 5 B.C.E.--c. 64 C.E.

Peirce, Charles Sanders: Founder of Pragmatism 1839-1914

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich: Influential Educational Philosopher and Reformer 1746-1827

Philo Judaeus (philo of Alexandria): Hellenistic Interpreter of Jewish Law c. 20 B.C.E.-c. 50 C.E.

Piaget, Jean: Pioneer of Developmental Child Psychology 1896-1980

Plato: Influential Greek Philosopher c. 428-c. 347 B.C.E.

Pythagoras: Pre-Socratic Philosopher of Mathematical Realism c. 580-c. 500 B.C.E.

Rabi'Ah Al'Adawiyah: Architect of Sufi Asceticism c. 717-801

Ramakrishna: (Gadadhar Chatterji) Hindu Mystic Reformer c. 1835-1886

Ramanuja: Founder of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta c. 1017-1137 (traditionally)

Rauschenbusch, Walter: Leader of the Social Gospel Movement 1861-1918

Reid, Thomas: Founder of the Philosophical School of Common Sense 1710-1796

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: Political Philosopher; Developer of the Social Contract Theory 1712-1778

Roy, Ram Mohun: Reformer of Hinduism; Founder of Brahmo Samaj 1772-1833

Russell, Bertrand: Influential Twentieth-Century Philosopher; Founder of Logicism 1872-1970

Russell, Charles Taze: Founder of the Jehovah's Witnesses 1852-1916

Sartre, Jean-Paul: Preeminent Twentieth-Century Existentialist 1905-1980

Savonarola, Girolamo: Italian Church Reformer; Millenarian Prophet 1452-1498

Schneerson, Menachem Mendel: Head of the Habad-Lubavitch Sect of Hasidic Judaism 1902-1994

Schopenhauer, Arthur: Exponent of the Metaphysical Doctrine of the Will 1788-1860

Seton, Elizabeth Ann, Saint: First American-Born Saint; Founder of the Sisters of Charity 1774-1821

Shafi'I, Abu 'Abd Allah, Ash-: Preeminent Islamic Legal Scholar 767-820

Shang Yang: (Kung-sun Yang) Chinese Philosopher of Legalist School c. 390-338 B.C.E.

Shankara: Founder of Advaita Vedanta Hinduism c. 700-c. 750

Smith, Adam: Philosopher and Political Economist; Originator of Modern Liberal Economic Theory 1723-1790

Smith, Joseph: Founder of the Mormon Church 1805-1844

Socrates of Athens: First Greek Philosopher of the Western Tradition; Developer of Socratic Method c. 469-399 B.C.E.

Spinoza, Benedict De: First Philosophical Defender of Democracy 1632-1677

Stowe, Harriet Beecher: Prominent Abolition ist; Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin 1811-1896

Strong, Josiah: Promoter of the Social Gospel; Leader of the Ecumenical Movement 1847-1916

Teresa, Mother: (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu) Founder of the Order of the Missionary Sisters of Charity 1910-1997

Teresa of Ávila, Saint: Christian Mystic; Founder of the Order of Barefoot Carmelites 1515-1582

Thales of Miletus: Originator of the Foundations of Greek Philosophy and Science c. 624--c. 546 B.C.E.

Thomas Aquinas, Saint: Christian Theologian; Synthesizer of Faith and Reason c. 1224-1274

Thoreau, Henry David: Leading Transcendentalist Philosopher 1817-1862

Tillich, Paul: Theologian and Philosopher; Reconciler of Christian Thought with Modern Culture 1886-1965

Torquemada, Tomás De: First Grand Inquisitor of Spanish Inquisition 1420-1498

Tutu, Desmond: Anglican Archbishop of South Africa; Fighter Against Apartheid 1931-

Urban Ii, Pope: (Odo of Lagery) Initiator of the Crusades c. 1035-1099

Vivekananda: (Narendranath Datta or Dutt) Promoter of Hinduism in Western Society 1863-1902

Voltaire: (FraņE7ois-Marie Arouet) Leading Philosopher of the French Enlightenment 1694-1778

Washington, Booker Taliaferro: Influential Educator and Spokesperson for African Americans 1856-1915

Wesley, John: Anglican Clergyman; Founder of Methodism 1703-1791

White, Ellen Gould: Founder and Spiritual Leader of the Seventh-Day Adventists 1827-1915

Wise, Isaac Mayer: Founder of American Reform Judaism 1819-1900

Wittgenstein, Ludwig: Major Philosopher of the Twentieth Century 1889-1951

Wovoka: Native American Religious Leader; Leader of Ghost Dance Movement c.1856-1932

Wycliffe, John: English Church Reformer; Forerunner of the Protestant Reformation c. 1330-1384

Young, Brigham: Early Influential Mormon Leader 1801-1877

Zeno of Citium: Founder of Stoic Philosophy c. 335-c. 263 B.C.E.

Zoroaster (zarathustra) Founder of Zoroastrianism C. 1000 B.C.E.

Appendices, Bibliography, and Index

APPENDIX, ONE:: Highlights in the History of Philosophy and Religion

APPENDIX TWO:: Geographic Listing of Biographies

APPENDIX THREE:: Chronological Listing of Biographies

APPENDIX FOUR:: Alphabetical Listing of Biographies

Bibliography

Index
12 .

Forgiving the Unforgivable, in Commonweal
by Frank Ferrari. 6 pgs.

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13 .

Desmond Tutu: 'There's "Life" after Prostate Cancer,' in Ebony
by D. Michael Cheers. 3 pgs.

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