Fertile Crescent

Fertile Crescent - historic region of the Middle East. A well-watered and fertile area, it arcs across the northern part of the Syrian desert. It is flanked on the west by the Mediterranean and on the east by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and includes all or parts of Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. From antiquity this region was the site of settlements and the scene of Read More...

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Fertile Crescent

1 .

The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: A Documentary Economic History
by Charles Issawi. 506 pgs.

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This is the first comprehensive history and economic analysis of the Fertile Crescent during the 19th century, a region currently encompassing Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and a small part of Turkey. Presenting 155 carefully selected documents--the majority drawn from British and French archives and here published for the first time, the balance translated from Arabic, French, German, Russian, Hebrew, Italian, and Turkish sources--Issawi provides an in-depth treatment of the economic life of the region, with chapters on social life and organization, trade, transport, agriculture, industry, and public and private finance. Including extensive cross-references that pinpoint the connections between the subjects discussed, the book is an invaluable resource on a historically rich and dynamic region.

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Title Page

Studies in Middle Eastern History

Preface

Contents

Abbreviations

I: The Fertile Crescent in the Middle Eastern Economy

II: General and Social Developments

1: Syria Under Egyptian Rule, 1831-1840

2: The Costs of Civil Strife, 1845-1860

3: Peasant Uprisings in Lebanon, 1840s-1850s

4: Cholera, 1865

5: Education in Lebanon, 1869

6: Working-Class Conditions, 1838, 1873

7: Problems of Development of Syria, 1878

8: Tribes in the Syrian Desert, 1880

9: Sanjaq of Dayr al-Zur, 1881

10: Agriculture and Industry in Hama Region, 1883

11: Education in Syria, 1885

12: Syrian Emigrants to America, 1904

13: Report on the Vilayet of Aleppo, 1890 Estimate of Populations

14: Agriculture and Textiles of Damascus, 1879

16: Mutasarriflik of Hama, 1911

18: Economic and Social Innovations in Aleppo, 1853-1914

19: Men's Daily Wages in Syria, 1820-1915

21: Mosul, 1750-1800

22: Iraq in 1800

23: Plagues in Iraq, 1689-1877

24: Plagues and Floods in Baghdad, 1822 and 1831

25: Flood of Tigris at Baghdad, 1840-1907

26: Piracy on the Euphrates, Disturbances at Basra, 1820

27: Iraq Under Dawud Pasha, 1817-1831

28: Request for Physician and Arms in Baghdad, Introduction of Vaccination, 1824

29: Pashalik of Baghdad, 1851

30: Conditions T\Along Proposed Telegraph Route, 1856

32: Midhat Pasha's Reforms, 1869-1872

34: Floods in Iraq, 1894

35: Baghdad in 1908

III: Trade

1: Trade of Alexandretta (aleppo)

2: Trade of Beirut

3: Trade of Damascus

4: Trade of Jaffaa

5: Trade of Aleppo, 18th Century

6: Trade of Damascus, 1825

8: Trade of Beirut, 1838

9: British Trade and the Rise of Beirut, 1830-1860

10: Trade and Handicrafts of Aleppo, 1855

11: Trade of Jaffa, 1899

12: Trade of Baghdada

13: Trade of Basra

14: Trade of Mosul

16: Trade of Iraq, 1790s

18: Complaints of Imam of Musqat Regarding Basra Customs, 1801

19: Tariffs in Iraq, Aleppo, and Constantinople, 1810

20: Trade of Basra and Baghdad, 1814

21: Trade of Baghdad, 1824

22: Merchandise Trade and Money Transactions of Basra, 1845-1846

23: Slave Trade, Basra, 1847

24: Trade of Mosul, 1858

25: Trade, Shipping, Currency, and Prices in Basra, 1859

26: Value, Quantity, and Price of Main Exports and Imports, 1864-1958

IV: Transport

1: Damascus--Baghdad Caravans, 1847

3: Steam Navigation along the Syrian Coast, 1859

4: Project for Port of Beirut, 1868

5: Alexandretta-Aleppo-Birejik Road, 1868-1881

6: Transport Costs, 1883

7: Land Transport in Syria, End of 19th Century

8: Hajj Caravan, 1903

9: Alexandretta Port and Roads, 1899, 1903

10: Navigation on the Euphrates, 1903

11: Hijaz Railway, 1906

12: Gulf Shipping in Bombay, 1804

13: Baghdad-Aleppo and Damascus Caravan, 1850s

14: Government Steamers on Tigris, 1904

16: German Views on Baghdad Railway, 1902

17: Baghdad Railway: British Interests and Views, 1907

18: Shipping in Basra and the Persian Gulf, 1864-1910

19: Means of Transportation in Iraq, 1912

V: Agriculture

1: Lebanese Agriculture, 1850s

2: Sponge Fishing, 1839

3: Tobacco Cultivation, 1843

4: Sheep Raising, Damascus Region, 1851

5: Potential for Agricultural Development in Syria, 1855

6: Silk in Lebanon and Syria, 1852, 1879, 1900

7: Cotton in Aleppo Region, 1864

8: Agriculture, 1871

9: Problems of Agricultural Development, 1878

10: Hauran Wheat, 1897

11: Winemaking in Central Syria, 1898

13: German Settlements in Palestine, 1902

12: Grain Production of Southern Syria, 1901

14: Latakia Region, 1903

15: Two Farms in Palestine, 1905

16: Olives in the Haifa Region, 1910

17: Silk in Lebanon, 1914

18: Trade with the Beduins, 1914

19: Changes in Landownership in the Ghuta of Damascus, 19th and 20th Centuries

20: Land Tenure in Syria

21: A European-Owned Farm in Palestine, 1869-1923

22: An Early Jewish Settlement: Petah Tikva, 1878-1918

23: Agriculture in Kurdistan, 1820

24: Wool Trade of Iraq, 1860

25: Prospects for Cotton Cultivation, 1863

26: Agriculture in Iraq, 1865

27: Hindiyya Dam, 1888-1890

29: Irrigation in Iraq, 1907

30: Irrigation Schemes, 1911

31: Irrigation Projects, Iraq, 1914

32: Agricultural Production and Potential, 1919

33: Land Tenure

VI: Industry

1: Handicrafts in Lebanon, 1835

2: Weaving Industry in Damascus, 1850, 1863

3: Handicrafts in Aleppo, 1870

4: Innovations in Damascus Weaving, 1850s-1870s

5: Effect of Westernization on Crafts and Trades in Damascus, 1891

6: Silk Handlooms in Damascus, 1902

7: Mines in Aleppo Vilayet, 1902

8: Textile Handicrafts in Baghdad, 1842

9: Handicrafts, Industry, and Working-Class Conditions

10: Handlooms in Baghdad, 1907

11: Petroleum Production, 1871

12: Oil Showings, 1914

13: Prospects of Petroleum in Baghdad Vilayet, 1918

VII: Finance and Public Finance

1: Price of Wheat in Syria, 1756-1913

2: Prices of Foodstuffs in Syria, 1756-1912

3: Money Market in Aleppo, 1801

5: Government Revenue and Expenditure, 1841

6: Fiscal Policy and the 1838 Anglo-Turkish Commercial Convention

7: Revenues and Tithes of Syrian Provinces, 1833-1914

8: Finances of Aleppo, 1858

9: Finances of Damascus, 1858

10: Finances of Beirut, 1858

13: Budget of Damascus, 1895-1896

12: Tax Revenue of Damascus, 1882-1885

14: Budget of Aleppo, 1902

15: Revenues and Tithes of Iraqi Provinces, 1839-1911

16: Revenues and Economic Conditions in Mosul, 1845

17: Attempt to Control the Price of Grain in Baghdad, 1848

18: Monopolies, Taxes, and Extortion in Baghdad, 1848

19: Duties on Transport and Export of Grain, 1857

20: Tithes in Mosul Province, 1863

21: Abolition of Certain Monopolies, 1863

22: A Conservative and Nationalist Governor, 1866

23: Midhat Pasha's Land Tax Reforms, 1869-1872

25: Banking in Baghdad, 1907

26: Tax Collection on Land and Other Sources, 1908

28: Price of Grain in Baghdad, 1855-1914

29: Price of Foodstuffs in Iraq, 1855-1865

Appendix: Weights and Measures

Bibliography

Index of Subjects

Index of Places and Peoples
2 .

The Pattern of Asia (Chap. XXXV "The Fertile Crescent I: Israel and Lebanon" and Chap. XXXVI "The Fertile Crescent II: Syria, Jordan, and Iraq")
by Norton S. Ginsburg, John E. Brush. 932 pgs.

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Title Page

Preface

Contents

Maps

I: Asia The Physical Basis

II: Asian Asia Patterns and Problems

III: East Asia An Introduction

V: Japan Agriculture and Food Supply

VI: Japan Industry and Commerce

VII: Korea

VIII: China Physical Diversity

IX: China Agriculture and Food Supply

X: China The North and Far West

XI: China The South

XII: China Industry and Commerce

XIII: China Political Organization, Population, And Prospects

XIV: Mongolian People's Republic

XV: Southeast Asia An Introduction

Selected Geographical Bibliography

XVII: Indonesia

XVIII: Malaya and British Borneo

XIX: Thailand

XX: Indochina The Two Viet, Cambodia, and Laos

XXI: Burma

XXII: South Asia Peoples and Cultures

XXIII: South Asia The Physical Basis of Life

XXIV: South Asia Political Organization

XXV: Northern India and The Himalayan Countries

XXVI: South India

XXVII: Pakistan

XXVIII: Ceylon

XXIX: Afghanistan

XXX: Southwest Asia An Introduction

XXXI: South Asia Economic Patterns

XXXII: Southwest Asia Regional Problems

XXXIII: Turkey

XXXIV: Iran

XXXV: The Fertile Crescent, I Israel Ande Lebanon

XXXVI: The Fertile Crescent, Ii Syria, Jordan, Iraq

XXVII: The Arabian Peninsula

XXXVIII: Russia and Asia

XXXIX: Soviet Asia

Index
3 .

The League of Nations and the Question of National Identity in the Fertile Crescent, in World Affairs
by James L. Gelvin. 9 pgs.

Journal Article

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4 .

Governments and Politics of the Middle East in the Twentieth Century (Part Four "The Fertile Crescent")
by H. B. Sharabi. 304 pgs.

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Van Nostrand Political Science Series

Preface

Contents

Part One:: Political Framework

Chapter One: The Middle East in the Twentieth Century

Chapter Two: The Development of Islamic Political Thought

Chapter Three: Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and the Peace Settlement

Part Two:: Turkey

Chapter Four: The Kemalist Revolution

Chapter Five: The Political Transformation of Turkey

Chapter Six: Turkey's Foreign Policy

Part Three:: Iran

Chapter Seven: Iran: Government and Politics

Chapter Eight: Iran and the Great Powers

Part Four:: The Fertile Crescent

Chapter Nine: The First Bid for Independence

Chapter Ten: Syria

Chapter Eleven: Lebanon

Chapter Twelve: Iraq

Chapter Thirteen: Israel

Chapter Fourteen: Jordan

Part Five:: Egypt

Chapter Fifteen: Egypt Under the Monarchy

Chapter Sixteen: Egypt Under Nasser

Part Six:: Arabian Peninsula

Chapter Seventeen: Sa'Udi Arabia

Chapter Eighteen: Yemen

Chapter Nineteen: The Persian Gulf and South Arabia

Part Seven:: Democracy Versus Autocracy

Chapter Twenty: Parliamentary Government and Autocracy

Index
5 .

The Middle East in Transition: Studies in Contemporary History ("Political Trends in the Fertile Crescent" begins on p. 121)
by Walter Z. Laqueur. 518 pgs.

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Contributors

Contents

List of Contributors

Part One: Social and Political Change

Social Reform : Factor X: The Search for an Islamic Democracy

Arab Unity and Arab Dissensions

Economic and Social Foundations of Democracy in the Middle East

Social Awakening and Economic Development in the Middle East

The Middle Class in the Arab World

Middle Eastern Development -- Another Missing Link

Egyptian Attitudes Towards Land Reform, 1922-1955

Pan-Arabism and British Policy

The Great Catastrophe

Political Trends in the Fertile Crescent

The Ideology of the Egyptian Revolution: Its Evolution with the Course of Events

Arab Nationalism: In Search of an Ideology

Sudanese Nationalism and Self-Determination

Turkey and the Middle East

Ideological Crisis in Iran

The Origins of Israel*

Levant Dusk: the Refugee* Situation

The Arab Refugees: a Study in Frustration

Development in Iraq: Part I

Part II: From 'the Economist'

Islam and the Theory of Arab Nationalism

Part Two: Communism. the Soviet Union, and the Middle East

Communism and Islam

Syria: Nationalism and Communism

The Arab Socialist Movement

The Islamic Community and Communism

The 'National Front': In Communist Strategy in the Middle East

Recent Soviet Attitudes Towards Islam

Soviet Cultural Propaganda in the Near and Middle East

The Background of Soviet Policy in the Middle East

Sultan Galiev: The U.S.S.R. and the Colonial Revolution

The Shamil Problem

Nationalism and Communism in the Arab World: a Re-Appraisal

The Future of Culture in Arab Society

The Egyptian Intelligentsia

Two Soviet Views on the Middle East

II: The Revolution of July, 1952, in Egypt

Index
6 .

Peasants & Potters (Chap. 2 "The Fertile Crescent and the Nile")
by Harold Peake, Herbert John Fleure. 148 pgs.

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Title Page

Preface

Contents

List of Illustrations

1: The Food Collectors of the North-West

2: The Fertile Crescent and the Nile

3: The Dairy and the Herd

4: The Potter's Art

5: By the Banks of the Nile

6: The Dwellers in Mesopotamia

7: The Isles of the Sea

8: On the Edge of the Steppes

9: Peoples, Nations, and Languages

10: Chronological Summary

Index
7 .

From Tribe to Empire: Social Organization among Primitives and in the Ancient East (Discussion of the Fertile Crescent begins on p. 189)
by C. K. Ogden, A. Moret, G. Davy . 387 pgs.

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From Tribe to Empire

The History of Civilization

From Tribe to Empire

Contents

List of Illustrations

Foreword the Three Phases of Social Organization

Part I Social Organization and the Progressive Concentration of Power in Primitive Societies

Chapter I the Problem—sociology and History

Chapter II Totemic Organization

Chapter III Territorial Organization in Relation to Totemic Organization

Chapter IV First Traces of Individualized Power in the Communistic Totemico-Territorial Organization

Chapter V the Progress of Individualized Power and the Transformations of the Communistic Totemic Organization

Chapter VI the Conditions of the Individualization of Power

Part II from Clans to Kingdoms

Chapter the Origins of Social Life and Political Institutions in Egypt

Chapter II the Egyptian Kingdom and Its Neighbours Under the Old Empire

Chapter III the Semitic World to 2000 B.C.

Part III the First Empires of the Orient

Chapter I the Iranian and Asianic Invasions and the Barbarian Empire of the HyksÔs

Chapter II the Egyptian Empire and the Concert of Nations in the Fifteenth Century

Chapter III the Egypto-Hittite Entente and the Peoples of the North and of the Sea

Conclusion

Bibliography

Index

The History of Civilization

Volumes Published
8 .

The Arab Balance of Power (Includes discussion of the Fertile Crescent in multiple chapters)
by Alan R. Taylor. 170 pgs.

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Contents

Preface

1: Unity and Diversity in the Arab World

2: Origins of the Arab System

4: Breakdown of the Arab System

6: Polarization

7

8: The Arab Dilemma

Appendices

Index
9 .

Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity, in Daedalus
by Martin Kramer. 36 pgs.

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10 .

Empire and Elites after the Muslim Conquest: The Transformation of Northern Mesopotamia
by Chase F. Robinson. 206 pgs.

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The study of early Islamic history has flourished in recent years. Chase Robinson's book takes full account of the latest research, interweaving history and historiography to interpret the political, social, and economic transformations in the Mesopotamian region after the Islamic conquests. Using Arabic and Syriac sources, the author focuses on the Muslim and Christian élites, demonstrating that significant social change took place only at the end of the seventh century. This is a sophisticated study at the cutting-edge of a burgeoning field in Islamic studies.

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Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Note on Dates and Citations

The Fertile Cresent in the Early Abbasid Period

One: Conquest History and Its Uses

Two: The Seventh-Century Jazira

Three: From Garrison to City: the Birth of Mosul

Four: Christian élites in the Mosuli Hinterland: the Shahārija

Five: Islam in the North: Jaziran Khārijism

Six: Massacre and Narrative: the Abbasid Revolution in Mosul I

Seven: Massacre and élite Politics: the Abbasid Revolution in Mosul II

Conclusion

Bibliography

Index

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