The Tiananmen Square Massacre

Tiananmen Square - large public square in Beijing, China, on the southern edge of the Inner or Tatar City. The square, named for its Gate of Heavenly Peace (Tiananmen), contains the monument to the heroes of the revolution, the Great Hall of the People, the museum of history and revolution, and the Mao Zedong Memorial Hall. Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic in the Read More...

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The Tiananmen Square Massacre

1 .

The Struggle for Tiananmen: Anatomy of the 1989 Mass Movement
by Nan Lin. 202 pgs.

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This work examines the events of the spring 1989 Tiananmen Square tragedy. Lin argues that the mass movement, which climaxed in Beijing, can be understood only if attention is given to the external environment that provided both opportunities and constraints to the interactions of participating groups, to the shifting participants and their goals and interests, and to the historical and cultural factors that guided the behavior of those participants. Unlike other works on this topic, The Struggle for Tiananmen analyzes the movement from its beginning to its end--presenting the entire process, providing information from both the authorities and non-student participants.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Part 1: Background

2: The Significance of the Movement

3: Sources of Discontent: Background of the Mass Movement

Part 2: The Movement

4: The Triggering Events and Initiation of the Movement

5: Stunning Success and Total Mobilization

6: Party Reactions, Internal Struggle, and Resolutions

7: Martial Law, Confrontations, and the Stalemate

8: The Resolution

Part 3: Anatomy of a Movement

9: Diversity of Participants and Motivations

10: Flow of Information

11: Who, What, and Why? Analysis of Puzzles

12: Conceptual Analysis of the Mass Movement

Appendix: Organizations, Names, and Abbreviations

Notes

Bibliography

Index

About the Author
2 .

Tiananmen Square, Spring 1989: A Chronology of the Chinese Democracy Movement
by Theodore Han, John Li. 114 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

Acknowledgements

Source Abbreviations

Introduction

I: The Death of Hu Yaobang, the Beginning of the Movement

II: The Sino-Soviet Summit

III: Martial Law

IV: The Suppression and Aftermath

Epilogue

Appendix

Sources Consulted
3 .

Behind the Tiananmen Massacre: Social, Political, and Economic Ferment in China
by Chu-yuan Cheng. 264 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

Tables and Illustrations

Preface

Notes

2: From Economic Reform to Social Unrest

Notes

3: Ideological Schism and Power Struggle

Notes

4: Intellectual Challenge and Student Movements

Notes

5: Military and Politics

Notes

6: The Making of the Massacre

Notes

17: The Impact of the Bloodshed

Notes

8: The Road from Tiananmen

Notes

Appendix 1: Chronology (april 15-July 15, 1989)

Appendix 2: Profiles of Fifty Major Figures

Bibliography

Appendix 3: Documents

Notes

Index
4 .

The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989
by Tony Saich. 210 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Contributors

Abbreviations

One: Student Protests And the Chinese Tradition, 1919-1989

Two: When Worlds Collide: The Beijing People's Movement Of 1989

Three: The Political Economy Behind Beijing Spring

Four: Learning How to Protest

Five: Petitioners, Popperians, And Hunger Strikers: The Uncoordinated Efforts of The 1989 Chinese Democratic Movement

Six: The Emergence of Civil Society In China, Spring 1989

Seven The Changing Role Of the Chinese Media

Appendix: Chronology of The 1989 Student Demonstrations

Bibliographical Note

Index
5 .

China's Legal Awakening: Legal Theory and Criminal Justice in Deng's Era (Chap. 9 "The 1989 Student Democratic Movement: A Legal Perspective" and Chap. 10 "Trials of Dissidents of the 1989 Democratic Movement: The Limits of Socialist Justice")
by Carlos Wing-hung Lo. 388 pgs.

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Contents

Foreword

Preface

Introduction

Part One: Marxism in Deng's China

Chapter One: The Impact of Ideological Upheaval on the Legal System in China

Chapter Two: Deng Xiaoping's Ideas on Law

Chapter Three: Chinese Jurists' Perspectives on Law

Part Two: Legal Reform and the Practice of Law: Case Studies in the Administration of Criminal Justice, 1979-1989

Chapter Four: In the Wake of the Third Plenum: the Inception of Legal Reform

Chapter Five: The Prelude to Legal Order: the Inauguration of Criminal Justice, 1980-82

Chapter Six: On the Threshold of Legality: 1983-85

Chapter Seven: Legal Reform in Progress the Emergence of a Legal Society, 1986-89

Part Three: Towards a Chinese Socialist System and a Chinese Theory of Law

Chapter Eight: Principles, Theory and Practice of Socialist Law in the First Decade of Legal Reform

Chapter Nine: The 1989 Student Democratic Movement: a Legal Perspective

Chapter Ten: Trials of Dissidents of the 1989 Democratic Movement: the Limits of Socialist Justice

Conclusion

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Glossary

Bibliography

Index to Case Studies

Index
6 .

China since the Cultural Revolution: From Totalitarianism to Authoritarianism (Chap. 4 "the Meaning of June 4, 1989" and Chap. 5 "China since the Tiananmen Crackdown")
by Jie Chen, Peng Deng. 138 pgs.

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This book provides an alternative analytical approach to the study of China's political changes since the Cultural Revolution, which treats those changes as a transition from totalitarianism to authoritarianism. While depicting important political-economic events, it focuses on the changes in such major sociopolitical factors as the people's attitude toward the regime, government policy, the ruling methods of the regime, and the interrelationships among them. Based on the analyses of these factors, the book also predicts the future of the current Communist regime in terms of the challenges it will face and its ability to meet them.

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Title Page

Contents

1: Introduction: Exploring a New Approach

Notes

2: Sociopolitical Preconditions for a Transition: Legacy of the Cultural Revolution

Notes

3: A Transition in the Making: Reform and Its Consequences

Notes

4: The Meaning of June 4, 1989

Notes

5: China Since the Tiananmen Crackdown

Notes

6: Conclusion: The Transition and Beyond

Notes

Selected Bibliography

Index

About the Authors
7 .

The Tiananmen Papers
by Zhang Liang, Andrew J. Nathan, Perry Link. 513 pgs.

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Twenty-nine years ago, the Pentagon Papers provided a vivid, revelatory, sometimes damning look at the operations of the American government during the Vietnam War. Now "The Tiananmen papers" provides a similarly detailed, first-hand look inside China. Maps.

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Contents

Preface: Reflections on June Fourth

Introduction: The Documents and Their Significance

Prologue: 1986-Spring 1989 Seeds of Crisis

Chapter One: April 8-23 the Student Movement Begins

Chapter Two: April 24-30 the April 26 Editorial

Chapter Three: May 1-6 Signs of Compromise

Chapter Four: May 6-16 Hunger Strike

Chapter Five: May 16-19 the Fall of Zhao Ziyang

Chapter Six: May 19-22 Martial Law

Chapter Seven: May 23-25 the Conflict Intensifies

Chapter Eight: May 26-28 the Elders Choose Jiang Zemin

Chapter Nine: May 29 -- June 3 Preparing to Clear the Square

Chapter Ten: June Fourth

Epilogue: June 1989 and After: Renewed Struggle Over China's Future

Reflections on Authentication

Abbreviations

Who Was Who: One Hundred Brief Biographies

Index
8 .

Beijing Spring, 1989: Confrontation and Conflict: The Basic Documents
by Michel Oksenberg, Lawrence R. Sullivan, Marc Lambert. 406 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Introduction: Reluctant Duelists: The Logic of the 1989 Protests and Massacre

Conclusion

I: Polarized China Two Conflicting Views of Beijing Spring

1: Death or Rebirth? Tiananmen: The Soul of China

2: Report to NPC on Quelling the Counter-Revolutionary Rebellion

Antecedents

II Prelude Reform and Retrenchment

3: Report to the Thirteenth CCP National Congress [Excerpts on Political Reform]

4: Four Major Crises China Will Face and Countermeasures

5: Report on the Work of the Government

6: Zhao Ziyang on Economic Retrenchment and Reform at Enterprise Forum

III Neo-Authoritarianism Debates on China's Political Structure

7: Deng Xiaoping on Neo-Authoritarianism

8: Concerning Controversial Views on Neo-Authoritarianism

9: Commenting on Neo-Authoritarianism

10: Neo-Authoritarianism: An Impractical Panacea

11: Establish Democratic Authority<

12: "New Authority" Going Astray

13: Commenting Again on Neo-Authoritarianism--Pushing Democratization Forward through the Market

IV Intellectual Dissent

14: Speech at the Theoretical Discussion Meeting Marking the Tenth Anniversary of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh CPC Central Committee [excerpts]

15: China Needs Democracy

17: Open Letter to the Party and Government from Thirty-three Famous Chinese Intellectuals

18: On Human Rights Abuses

19: Intellectuals' Open Letter to Leaders [February 26, 1989]

20: Zhao Ziyang at a Meeting with President Bush

21: Three Attacks Aimed at Overthrowing Zhao

22: Li Xiannian Urges Changing the General Secretary

Beijing Spring

V: The Crisis Begins

23: The Last Eight Days of Hu Yaobang

24: A Document Circulated among Senior Party and Government Officials

25: It Is Necessary to Take a Clear-Cut Stand Against Disturbances

26: The Student Movement and Hu Yaobang Represent the Banner of Justice--Thoughts on Reading the April 26 Renmin ribao Editorial

27: Yuan Mu and Others Hold Dialogue with Students [April 29, 1989]

28: Make Further Efforts to Carry Forward the May 4th Spirit in the New Age of Construction and Reform

29: Zhao Urges Nation to Maintain Stability

30: State Rejects Students' List of Demands

31: Students' Reasonable Demands to Be Met through Democratic, Legal Channels: Zhao

32: Zhao Ziyang's Speech Welcomed by Students

33: Hunger Strike Announcement

34: Zhao Ziyang Meets Mikhail Gorbachev

VI: The Political Struggle for Tiananmen

36: Li Peng Holds Dialogue with Students

37: Some PLA Officers Send Open Letter to Central Military Commission

38: Fourteen Beijing Press Units Send Open Letter to CPC Central Committee and State Council

39: Personnel from Nineteen Overseas and Home Media Send Letter to Zhao Ziyang and Li Peng

40: All-China Federation of Trade Unions Issues Statement

41: Shanghai Municipal Trade Union Council Cable

42: Twelve NPC Members' Letter of Appeal for an Emergency Meeting

43: Zhao Ziyang and Li Peng Visit Fasting Students at Tiananmen Square

44: Zhao, Li Visit Hunger Strikers in Tiananmen

VII Martial Law

45: Report on the Situation of the Student Movement in Beijing

46: Li Peng Delivers Important Speech on Behalf of Party Central Committee and State Council

47: The Order of the State Council on Enforcing Martial Law in Part of Beijing Municipality

48: Students Visit Marshals Nie Rongzhen and Xu Xiangqian

49: On May 22 Li Peng Again Stressed That the Student Movement Was a Disturbance

50: Main Points of Yang Shangkun's Speech at Emergency Enlarged Meeting of the Central Military Commission

51: Solve the Current Problems in China Along the Track of Democracy and the Legal System

53: "Full Text" of Speech to Li Peng and Yao Yilin [May 31, 1989]

VII: Premonitions of Violence

54: What Does the Statue of the "Goddess of Democracy" which Appeared in Tiananmen Square Indicate?

55: Recognize the Essence of Turmoil and the Necessity of Martial Law

56: Wu'Er Kaixi Says, "We Must Face Reality"--China's Democratic Movement Might Retrogress

IX: The Aftermath a Nation Divided

57: State Council Spokesman Yuan Mu Holds News Conference

58: June 9 Speech to Martial Law Units

59: Full Text of Gists of Deng Xiaoping's Speech to Members of New Politburo Standing Committee [June 16, 1989]

60: Why Good Intentions May Lead to Turmoil and Riot

61: Newsletter from Beijing: Beijing Crisis Worsens Under the Violence

62: The Judgment of History Will Be Severe

63: The Judgment of History Will Be Severe

64: Wen Wei Po Does Two Things to Mourn Beijing Victims

65: Denouncing the Li-Yang Clique, Traitors to the People

Glossary of Important Figures, Recurrent Terms, and Abbreviations
9 .

Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China (Chap. 13 "History, Myth, and the Tales of Tiananmen")
by Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, Elizabeth J. Perry. 350 pgs.

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Title Page

CONTENTS

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A NOTE TO TEACHERS

INTRODUCTION: CHINESE POLITICAL CULTURE REVISITED

Part One GENERAL FRAMEWORKS

1: Imagining the Ancien RÉgime in the Deng Era

Acting Out Democracy: Political Theater in Modern China

Part Two CLASS, GENDER, AND IDENTITY: 1989 AS A SOCIAL MOVEMENT

3: Casting a Chinese "Democracy" Movement: The Roles of Students, Workers, and Entrepreneurs

5: Gender and the Chinese Student Movement

Part Three POPULAR CULTURE AND THE POLITICS OF ART

6: The Birth of the Goddess of Democracy

7: The Politics of Popular Music in Post-Tiananmen China

Notes

Part Four CULTURAL DILEMMAS AND POLITICAL ROLES OF THE INTELLIGENTSIA

8: Memory and Commemoration: The Chinese Search for a Livable Past

9: From Priests to Professionals: Intellectuals and the State Under the Ccp

Notes

10: The Role of the Chinese and U.S. Media

Part Five STATE POWER AND LEGITIMACY

11: What Happened in Eastern Europe in 1989?

12: Discos and Dictatorship: Party-State and Society Relations in the People's Republic of China

Part Six HISTORICAL NARRATIVES AND KEY WORDS DECONSTRUCTED

13: History, Myth, and the Tales of Tiananmen

14: That Holy Word, "Revolution"

POSTSCRIPT: APRIL 1994

ABOUT THE BOOK

ABOUT THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Index
10 .

International Human Rights (Chap. Six "Responding to Tiananmen")
by Jack Donnelly. 206 pgs.

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"Human rights" as we know them did not exist (as a cultural and political force) before 1945. Author Jack Donnelly traces the rise of human rights issues coming out of World War II and shows their transformation in the intervening years, including the post-Cold War agendas that have emerged since 1989. Includes figures, tables, documents, suggested readings, photos, and more.

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Title Page

Contents

Tables and Boxes

Acknowledgments

Acronyms

Introduction: A Note to the Reader

One: Human Rights as an Issue In World Politics

Two: Theories of Human Rights

Three: The Domestic Politics Of Human Rights: the Case Of The Southern Cone

Four: The Multilateral Politics Of Human Rights

Five: Human Rights And Foreign Policy

Six: Responding to Tiananmen

Seven: War and Genocide In The Former Yugoslavia

Eight: International Human Rights In a Post-Cold War World

Appendix: Universal Declaration Of Human Rights

Discussion Questions

Notes

Suggested Readings

Glossary

Index
11 .

Sino-US Military Relations since Tiananmen: Restoration, Progress, and Pitfalls, in Parameters
by Jing-Dong Yuan. 17 pgs.

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12 .

Beyond Tiananmen Square: Tragedy and Education in the People's Republic of China, in Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars
by Mark P. Petracca. 8 pgs.

Journal Article

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13 .

Tiananmen Square Hunger Strike Declaration, in World Affairs
by Liu Xiaobo, Zhou Duo, Hou Dejian, Gao Xin. 3 pgs.

Journal Article

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14 .

Student Organization in the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement, in Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars
by Josephine M. T. Khu. 10 pgs.

Journal Article

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15 .

The Myth of Tiananmen: And the Price of a Passive Press, in Columbia Journalism Review
by Jay Mathews. 2 pgs.

Magazine Article

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16 .

Beijing, Past and Future: What the Tiananmen Papers Show, in National Review
by John Derbyshire. 2 pgs.

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