Surrealism was ostensibly directed at the emancipation of the human spirit, but it represented only male aspirations and fantasies until a number of women artists began to redefine its agenda in the later 1930s. This book addresses the former, using a 'thick description' of the historically specific...

Surrealism was ostensibly directed at the emancipation of the human spirit, but it represented only male aspirations and fantasies until a number of women artists began to redefine its agenda in the later 1930s. This book addresses the former, using a 'thick description' of the historically specific circumstances which required the male Surrealists to manufacture a sexual reputation of narcissism and misogyny. These circumstances were determined by 'hegemonic masculinity', an ideological construct which had little to do with individual masculinities. In male Surrealism, the 'beribboned bomb' signified something both attractive and volatile, a specific instance of the Surrealist principle of convulsive beauty. In hegemonic masculinity, similar devices served as metaphors of the sexuality all men were supposed to possess. The intersection of these two axes produced an imagery of unrepentant violence.

Introduction 1. Culture and Modernity: The Case of Spain I: Elites in Crisis, 1898-1931 National Identities 2. The Loss of Empire, Regenerationism, and the Forging of a Myth of National Identity 3. The Nationalisms of the Periphery: Culture and Politics in the Construction of National...

Introduction 1. Culture and Modernity: The Case of Spain I: Elites in Crisis, 1898-1931 National Identities 2. The Loss of Empire, Regenerationism, and the Forging of a Myth of National Identity 3. The Nationalisms of the Periphery: Culture and Politics in the Construction of National Identity Ideological Tensions 4. The Social Praxis and Cultural Politics of Spanish Catholicism 5. Education and the Limits of Liberalism Modernismo and Modernisme 6. Literary Modernismo in Castilian: The Creation of a Dissident Cultural Elite 7. Catalan Literary Modernisme and Noucentisme: From Dissidence to Order 8. Catalan Modernista Architecture: Using the Past to Build the Modern The Avant-Garde 9. The Literary Avant-Garde: A Contradictory Modernity 10. Internationalism and Eclecticism: Surrealism and the Avant-Garde in Painting and Film, 1920-1930 11. The Musical Avant-Garde: Modernity and Tradition Popular Culture 12. Rural and Urban Popular Cultures 13. The Cuple: Modernity and Mass Culture II: The Failure of Democratic Modernization, 1931-1939 Sexual Politics 14. Women and Social Change 15. Beyond Tradition and `Modernity': The Cultural and Sexual Politics of Spanish Anarchism Intellectuals and Power 16. Reform Idealized: The Intellectual and Ideological Origins of the Second Republic 17. The Republican State and Mass Educational-Cultural Initiatives, 1931-1936 Monolithicity versus Pluralism: Political Debates 18. The Political Debate within Catholicism 19. Catalan Nationalism: Cultural Plurality and Political Ambiguity The Cultural Politics of the Civil War 20. The Republican and Nationalist Wartime Cultural Apparatus 21. Propaganda Art: Culture and the People or For the People? III: Authoritarian Modernization, 1940-1975 i. Building the State and the Practice of Power, 1940-1959 The Material Reality of State Power 22. `Terror and Progress': Industrialization, Modernity, and the Making of Francoism 23. Gender and the State: Women in the '40s Cultural Control 24. Education and Political Control 25. The Moving Image of the Franco Regime: Noticiaros y Documentales 1943-1975 26. The Ideology and Practice of Sport 27. Censorship or the Fear of Mass Culture Cultural Nationalism 28. Cifesa: Cinema and Authoritarian Aesthetics 29. Constructing the Nation: Francoist Architecture 30. Music and the Limits of Cultural Nationalism Resisting the State 31. The Urban and Rural Guerrilla of the '40s 32. Popular Culture in the `Years of Hunger' 33. The Emergence of a Dissident Intelligentsia ii. Developmentalism, Mass Culture, and Consumerism, 1960-1975 Adapting to Social Change 34. Social and Economic Change in a Climate of Political Immobilism 35. Educational Policy in a Changing Society 36. Catholicism and Social Change Opposition Culture 37. The Left and the Legacy of Francoism: Political Culture in Opposition and Transition 38. The Politics of Popular Music: On the Dynamics of New Song Artistic Experiment and Diversification 39. Literary Experiment and Cultural Cannibalization 40. Painting and Sculpture: The Rejection of High Art 41. Cimema, Memory, and the Unconscious IV: Democracy and Europeanization: Continuity and Change, 1975-1992 Democracy and Cultural Change <