Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

Montesquieu, Charles Louis De Secondat, Baron De La BrÈde Et De - shärl lwē də səkôNdäˈ bärôNˈ də lä brĕd ā də môNtĕskyüˈ, 1689–1755, French jurist and political philosopher. He was councillor (1714) of the parlement of Bordeaux and its president Read More...

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Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

1 .

The Spirit of Laws, Vol. I
by Baron de Montesquieu, Thomas Nugent. 448 pgs.

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The World's Greatest Literature

Baron De Montesquieu

Special Introduction

The Analysis of "The Spirit of Laws"

Montesquieu's Preface

Author's Explanatory Notes

Book I: Of Laws in General

Book II: Of Laws Directly Derived from the Nature of Government

Book III: Of the Principles of the Three Kinds Op Government

Book IV: That the Laws of Education Ought to Be in Relation to the Principles of Gov Ernment

Book V: That the Laws Given by the Legislator Ought to Be in Relation to the Prin Ciple of Government

Book VI: Consequences of the Principles of Dif Ferent Governments with Respect to the Simplicity of Civil and Criminal Laws, the Form of Judgments, and the Inflicting of Punishments

Book VII: Consequences of the Different Princi Ples of the Three Governments with Respect to Sumptuary Laws, Luxury, and the Condition of Women

Book VIII: Of the Corruption of the Principles of the Three Governments

Book IX: Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to a Defensive Force

Book X: Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to Offensive Force

Book XI: Of the Laws Which Establish Political. Liberty with Regard to the Constitution.

Book XII: Of the Laws That Form Political Lib Erty, in Relation to the Subject

Book XIII: Of the Relation Which the Levying of Taxes and the Greatness of the Public Revenues Bear to Liberty

Book XIV: Of Laws in Relation to the Nature of the Climate

Book XV: In What Manner the Laws of Civil Sla Very Relate to the Nature of the Cli Mate

Book XVI: How the Laws of Domestic Slavery Bear a Relation to the Nature of the Cli Mate

Book XVII: How the Laws of Political Servitude Bear a Relation to the Nature of the Climate

Book XVIII: Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to the Nature of the Soil

Book XIX: Of Laws in Relation to the Principles Which Form the General Spirit, the Morals, and Customs of a Nation

Book XX: Of Laws in Relation to Commerce Con Sidered in Its Nature and Distinctions

Book XXI

Book XXII: Of Laws in Relation to the Use of Money
2 .

Montesquieu: Pioneer of the Sociology of Knowledge
by W. Stark. 214 pgs.

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INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION

CONTENTS

PREFACE

I: THE CONQUEST OF CARTESIANISM

II: MONTESQUIEU'S FIRST SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE

III: THE TURN FROM RATIONALISM TO REALISM

IV: MONTESQUIEU'S BASIC DOCTRINE OF MAN

V: MONTESQUIEU'S BASIC DOCTRINE OF SOCIETY

VI: MONTESQUIEU'S FINAL SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE: PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS

VII: THE GENESIS OF IDEAS: SOME SECONDARY FACTORS

VIII: (a) THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

IX: (b) THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION

X: THE PROBLEM OF THE ULTIMATE DETERMINANT

XI: THE PROBLEM OF THE MODE OF DETERMINATION

XII: THE PROBLEM OF THE DEGREE OF DETERMINATION

XIII: THE PROBLEM OF ABSOLUTE TRUTH

INDEX
3 .

Main Currents in Sociological Thought: Montesquieu, Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Alexis de Tocqueville, the Sociologists and the Revolution of 1848
by Raymond Aron, Richard Howard, Helen Weaver. 258 pgs.

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Contents

Introduction

Montesquieu

I

II

III

IV

Auguste Comte

I

II

III

IV

V

Karl Marx

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

Alexis de Tocqueville

I

II

III

IV

The Sociologists and the Revolution of 1848

I

II

Bibliographies

Index
4 .

The Federalists, the Antifederalists, and the American Political Tradition (Chap. 4 "Montesquieu and the Ideological Strain in Antifederalist Thought")
by Wilson Carey McWilliams, Michael T. Gibbons. 140 pgs.

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In analyzing the debates between the Federalists and the Antifederalists, McWilliams, Gibbons, and their contributors break sharply with interpretations of the founding of America as either the work of pure pragmatists or as the institutionalization of class interests. This study of the very nature of modern representative democracy explains past and present dilemmas and contradictions in terms of Federalist and Antifederalist views. This examination of the political theory of the American founding deals with differing beliefs about pluralist interests and political compromise, human nature, the public good and the public sphere, the relationship between polity and economy, the role of religion in politics, and political traditions.

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Recent Titles in Contributions in Political Science

Contents

1: Introduction

NOTES

2: Machiavellian Lessons in America: Republican Foundings, Original Principles, and Political Empowerment

NOTES

3: Reflections on Human Nature: The Federalists and the Republican Tradition

NOTES

4: Montesquieu and the Ideological Strain in Antifederalist Thought

NOTES

5: The Fall of James Wilson's Democratic Presidency*

NOTES

6: The Founders, Woodrow Wilson, and the Public Good

NOTES

7: The Public Sphere, Commercial Society, and The Federalist Papers

NOTES

Bibliographical Note

NOTES

Index

About the Contributors
5 .

History of Political Thought (Chap. XV "Montesquieu and Rousseau")
by Raymond G. Gettell. 516 pgs.

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Preface

Contents

Chapter I The Nature of Political Thought

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Chapter II Ancient Political Thought

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Chapter III Greek Political Thought

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Chapter IV Roman Political Thought

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Chapter V Beginnings of Medieval Political Thought

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Chapter VI The Conflict Between the Church and the State

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Chapter VII The Close of the Middle Ages

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Chapter VIII Political Theory of the Reformation

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Chapter IX Political Thought in the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century

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Chapter X Bodin and Grotius

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Chapter XI The Puritan Revolution in England

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Chapter XII Hobbes and Locke

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Chapter XIII Continental Political Thought in the Seventeenth Century

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Chapter XIV Political Thought in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century

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Chapter XV Montesquieu and Rousseau

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Chapter XVI Economic Developme.Nt and Political Thought

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Chapter XVII Later Eighteenth Century Moralists and Jurists

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Chapter XVIII Political Theories of the American and French Revolutions

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Chapter XIX Idealist-Ethical Political Thought

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Chapter XX Reactionary Political Thought After the Revolutions

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Chapter XXI The English Utilitarians

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Chapter XXII Political Theory of Constitutional Democracy

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Chapter XXIII Rise of Socialistic Political Thought

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Chapter XXIV The Historical School of Political Thought

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Chapter XXV The State as an Organism

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Chapter XXVI Theory of the Federal State

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Chapter XXVII Theories of Nationalism, Imperialism, and Internationalism

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Chapter XXVIII Psychological Influence on Political Thought

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Chapter XXIX Pluralistic Theories of Sovereignty

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Chapter XXX Recent Proletarian Political Thought

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Chapter XXXI General Tendencies in Political Thought

Index
6 .

History of Political Philosophy from Plato to Burke (Chap. XXI "Montesquieu: National Differences and Legal Principle: The Attack on Arbitrary Government")
by Thomas I. Cook. 734 pgs.

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Preface

Contents

Chapter I: Introduction: The Nature of Political Thought

Bibliographical Note

Chapter III: Plato: The Foundations of Political Idealism

Bibliographical Note

Chapter IV: Aristotle: Politics as Sociology and Ethics

Chapter V: Roman Political Thought and Christianity: Greek Tradition, Stoicism, the Philosophy of Law, and Gospel Ethics

Bibliographical Note

Chapter VI: The Background and General Character of Medieval Thought

Bibliographical Note

Chapter VII: The Hierarchical Doctrine from St. Augustine to St. Thomas Aquinas

Bibliographical Note

Chapter VIII: The Desire for Freedom of Action for the Temporal Power: Imperialism and Nationalism

Bibliographical Note

Chapter IX: The Conciliar Movement: Church Constitutionalism and the Ideal of Harmony

Bibliographical Note

Chapter X: Machiavelli: Realistic Temporal Politics and the Ideal of National Unity

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XI: Luther and the Reformation: From Moral Reform to Nationalism and the Divine Right of Kings

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XII: Calvin's Theocracy: Ethical Aristocracy and Incipient Democracy

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XIII: Monarchomachs and Politiques: Freedom of Worship, Centralization, and Sovereignty in the Mercantilist State

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XIV: Bodin: Kingly Sovereignty and the New Middle Class

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XV: The Counter-Reformation: Jesuits and Dominicans: An Ethical Attack on State Sovereignty, National and International

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XVI: North European Thought: Toleration, Corporate Federalism, and the Limitation of International Anarchy

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XVII: English Thought Under the Tudors and Stuarts: Conflicts Concerning Power, Property, and Religion

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XVIII: Hobbes: Absolutism as the Alternative to Anarchy

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XIX: Locke: Constitutionalism in the Interests of Property

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XX: Colonial America: Calvinist Theocracy and English Liberalism; the Conflict of Aristocratic and Democratic Concepts

Chapter XXI: Montesquieu: National Differences and Legal Principle; the Attack on Arbitrary Government

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XXII: Rousseau: The Search for Liberty and Equality: The Basis for a New Tyranny

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XXIII: Voltaire: National Government and Personal Freedom; the Championing of the Bourgeoisie

Chapter XXIV: Burke: Historical Liberalism as the Basis of Conservatism; a Defense of the Landed Gentry

Bibliographical Note

Chapter XXV: Conclusion

Index
7 .

World Order in History: Russia and the West (Chap. 1 "Montesquieu and Constitutional Order")
by Paul Dukes. 198 pgs.

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World Order in History argues that historians' ideas about world order have been influential in transforming nations' sense of themselves.Paul Dukes demonstrates how a series of successive historians and analysts attempt to make sense of the world in which they live, often appropriating intellectual ideas spawned in different contexts in order to do so. Hindsight allows us to view stages in the evolution of these interpretations, and to recognise that they are limited by the constraints of the age in which their authors lived.Dukes pursued these arguments with particular reference to Russia and the Western world from the early modern period right up to the present. He draws conclusions on the state of the debate in the nineties, and offers some views as to the way forward for historians of Russia and the wider world.This book will be of interest to all concerned with the study of history, in particular philosophy of history and Russian history.

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Contents

Preface

Introduction

1: Montesquieu and Constitutional Order

2: Marx and Revolutionary Order

3: From European Towards Atlantic Order, 1900-22

4: Some Approaches to World Order, 1923-62

5: Conclusion

Notes

Index
8 .

The Enlightenment in France (Chap. 3 "Montesquieu")
by Frederick B. Artz. 166 pgs.

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The Enlightenment in France

Contents

Preface

1: The Precursors of the Philosophes

2: The Nature of the Enlightenment in France

3: Montesquieu

4: Voltaire

5: Diderot

6: Other French Reformers

7: A Philosophe Apart, Rousseau

Conclusion

Bibliography

Index
9 .

Studies in the History of Political Philosophy before and after Rousseau (Chap. V "The Eclipse of Contract: Vico, Montesquieu")
by C. E. Vaughan, A. G. Little. 366 pgs.

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Preface

Memoir of C. E. Vaughan

Contents

Chapter I: Introductory

Chapter II: The Social Contract: Hobbes

Chapter III: The Social Contract: Spinoza

Chapter IV: The Social Contract: Locke

Chapter V: The Eclipse of Contract: Vico, Montesquieu

Chapter VI: The Assault on Contract: Hume
10 .

History of Political Philosophy ("Montesquieu 1689-1755" begins on p. 469)
by Leo Strauss, Joseph Cropsey. 790 pgs.

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Rand McNally Political Science Series Morton Grodzins, Advisory Editor

Preface

Contents

Introduction

Plato 427-347 B.C.

Aristotle 384-322 B.C.

Marcus Tullius Cicero 106-43 B.C.

St. Augustine 354-430

Alfarabi Circa 870-950

Moses Maimonides 1135-1204

St. Thomas Aquinas 1225-1274

Marsilius of Padua Circa 1275-1342

Niccolo Machiavelli 1469-1527

Martin Luther 1483-1546 John Calvin 1509-1564

Richard Hooker 1553-1600

Francis Bacon 1561-1626

Hugo Grotius 1583-1645

Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679

Rene Descartes 1596-1650

John Milton 1608-1674

Benedict Spinoza 1632-1677

John Locke 1632-1704

Montesquieu 1689-1755

David Hume 1711-1776

Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778

Adam Smith 1723-1790

The Federalist 1787-1788

Thomas Paine 1737-1809

Edmund Burke 1729-1797

Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832 James Mill 1773-1836

Georg W. F. Hegel 1770-1831

Alexis De Tocqueville 1805-1859

John Stuart Mill 1806-1873

Karl Marx 1818-1883

Friedrich Nietzsche 1844-1900

John Dewey 1859-1952

Index
11 .

French Liberal Thought in the Eighteenth Century: A Study of Political Ideas from Bayle to Condorcet (Discussion of Montesquieu's L'Esprit de Lois begins on p. 147)
by Kingsley Martin. 313 pgs.

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Preface

Contents

Chapter I Introductory--The Religion of the French Revolution

Chapter II the Leviathan State

Chapter III the Failure of the Ancien RÉgime

Chapter IV Philosophy and Propaganda

Chapter V the Philosophy of Common Sense

Chapter VI the British Constitution

Chapter VII Utilitarianism: the End of the Compromise

Chapter VIII Democracy

Chapter IX Equality and Property

Chapter X Peace, Fraternity and Nationalism

Chapter XI Progress

Bibliographical Note

Index
12 .

Philosophers and Religious Leaders ("Montesquieu, Baron de la Brete et de" begins on p. 134)
by Christian D. von Dehsen. 248 pgs.

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How did Elijah Muhammad's establishment of the Nation of Islam affect the civil rights movement in the United States? Philosophers and Religious Leaders answers that question and others as it presents 200 leaders whose lives and work have greatly influenced the world we live in today. Profiles include: Muhammad Abduh--architect of Islamic modernism. Mary Daly-- influential feminist theologian and philosopher. Mary Baker Eddy--founder of Christian Science. Mencius (Meng K'o)--Confucian moral philosopher and interpreter. Shang Yang--Chinese philosopher of legalist school.

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Table of Contents

Introduction

'Abduh, Muhammad: Architect of Islamic Modernism 1849-1905

Abelard, Peter: Theologian and Philosopher; Proponent of the Modern University 1079-1142

Abraham: First Biblical Patriarch c. 2000-1500 B.C.E.

Afghani, Jamal Ad- Din, Al-: Influential Twentieth-Century Pan-Islamist c. 1838-1897

Akhenaton: (Amenhotep IV) Egyptian Pharaoh; Advocate of Monolatry Reigned c. 1367-1350 B.C.E.

Akiba Ben Joseph: Early Interpreter of Jewish Law c. 40-.135

Anaximander: Philosopher-Scientist; Early Developer of Cosmological Theory c. 611-c. 547 B.C.E.

Anselm of Canterbury, Saint: Archbishop of Canterbury; Father of Scholasticism c.1033-1109

'Arabi, Ibn Al-: Master of Islamic Sufi Mysticism 1165-1240

Arendt, Hannah: Philosopher of Totalitarianism 1906-1975

Aristotle: Influential Greek Philosopher; Opponent of Platonic Concept of Forms 384-322 B.C.E.

Arjun: Fifth Sikh Guru; Compiler of the Adi Granth 1563-1606

Athanasius, Saint: Egyptian Bishop and Theologian; Developer of the New Testament Canon c. 293-373

Augustine of Hippo, Saint: Seminal Christian Theologian 354-430

Aurobindo Ghose: (Sri Aurobindo) Founder of Integral Yoga 1872-1950

Averroës: (Ibn Rushd) Islamic Theologian; Interpreter of Aristotle and Plato 1126-1198

Avicenna: (Ibn Sina) Islamic Philosopher; Synthesizer of Greek Thought 980-1037

Bacon, Francis: Philosopher of Science; Originator of Inductive Method of Scientific Inquiry 1561-1626

Baha' Allah: (Mirza Hoseyn Ali Nuri) Founder of Bahai Religion 1817-1892

Bakunin, Mikhail: Russian Revolutionary; Founder of Modern Anarchy 1814-1876

Barth, Karl: Christian Theologian and Originator of Neo-Orthodoxy; Active Opponent of Hitler 1886-1968

Benedict of Nursia, Saint: Founder of Basic Structure of Western Monasticism c. 480-547

Bentham, Jeremy: English Jurist and Philosopher; Expounder of Utilitarianism 1748-1832

Berkeley, George: Founder of Idealism 1685-1753

Bernadette of Lourdes, Saint (marie Bernarde Soubirous): Roman Catholic Visionary 1844-1879

Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint: Defender of Christianity Against Rationalism 1090-1153

Bihbihani, Aka Sayyid Muhammad Bakir: Influential Shiite Legal Scholar c. 1705-c. 1792

Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna: Founder of the Theosophical Movement 1831-1891

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus: Influential Medieval Philosopher; Architect of Scholasticism c. 480-c. 524

Boff, Leonardo: Influential Liberation Theologian 1938-

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich: German Theologian; Influential Nazi Resister 1900-1945

Buber, Martin: Religious Philosopher; Developer of Jewish Existentialism 1878-1965

Buddha: (Siddhartha Gautama) Founder of Buddhism c. 600-c. 400 B.C.E.

Bushnell, Horace: Protestant Theologian; Father of American Religious Liberalism 1802-1876

Calvin, John: Theologian; Leading Protestant Reformer 1509-1564

Channing, William Ellery: Early Unitarian Church Leader 1780-1842

Columba, Saint: Founder of the Influential Christian Community at Iona 521-597

Comte, Auguste: Founder of Sociology 1798-1857

Cone, James Hal: Architect of Black Liberation Theology 1938-

Confucius (k'Ung Ch'Iu): Chinese Philosopher; Founder of Confucianism 551-479 B.C.E.

Cranmer, Thomas: Leader of the English Reformation 1489-1556

Cyril of Alexandria, Saint: Architect of Early Christian Christology c. 375-444

Dalai Lama (tenzin Gyatso): Spiritual Leader of Tibetan Buddhism 1935-

Daly, Mary: Influential Feminist Theologian and Philosopher 1928-

David: Important Biblical Figure; Founder of Jerusalem Tenth Century B.C.E.

Derrida, Jacques: Postmodern French Philosopher; Proponent of Deconstructionism 1930-

Descartes, René: Originator of the Framework of Modern Philosophy 1596-1650

Dewey, John: Father of Progressive Education 1859-1952

Diderot, Denis: Encyclopedist and Major Philosopher of the French Enlightenment 1713-1784

Du Bois, W. E. B.: Black Nationalist Leader; Founder of the NAACP 1868-1963

Durkheim, Émile: Founder of Modern Methods of Sociology 1858-1917

Eddy, Mary Baker: Founder of Christian Science 1821-1910

Einhorn, David: Theologian of Reform Judaism 1809-1879

Elijah: Hebrew Prophet; Monotheist c. 9th Century B.C.E.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo: Pioneer of Transcendentalism 1803-1882

Epictetus: Influential Stoic Philosopher c. 50-c. 135

Epicurus: Founder of Epicurean School of Philosophy 341-270 B.C.E.

Erasmus, Desiderius: Humanist Theologian and Scholar; Christian Proponent of Free Will c.1469-1536

Farabi, Al-: First Theologian to Relate Islamic Theology to Greek Philosophy c. 878-c. 950

Fatimah Bint Muhammad: Daughter of Muhammad; Matriarch of the Shiite Sect c. 610-633

Fa-Tsang: Systematizer of Huayan School of Chinese Buddhism 643-712

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: Philosopher of Transcendental Idealism 1762-1814

Fortune, Dion: Founder of the Society of the Inner Light 1890-1946

Foucault, Michel: Wide-ranging Twentieth-Century Philosopher 1926-1984

Fox, George: Founder of the Quakers 1624-1691

Francis of Assisi, Saint: Founder of the Franciscan Order of Friars c. 1181-1226

Gadamer, Hans-Georg: Philosopher of Hermeneutics 1900-

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (mahatma): Father of Indian Independence; Leading Advocate of Nonviolent Protest 1869-1948

Garrison, William Lloyd: Leader of Abolitionist Movement 1805-1879

Garvey, Marcus: Founder and Leader of the Black Nationalist Movement 1887-1940

Ghazali, Al-: Influential Islamic Theologian and Mystic 1058-1111

Gladden, Solomon Washington: Protestant Leader of Social Gospel Movement 1836-1918

Gobind Singh: Founder of Khalsa Sect of Sikhism 1666-1708

Gregory I, Pope: Early Pope and Church Reformer c. 540-604

Gutiérrez, Gustavo: Originator of Latin American Liberation Theology 1928-

Hallaj, Al: Founder of the Sufi Halladjiyya Sect c. 858-922

Han-Fei-Tzu: Major Scholar of Chinese Legalist School c. 280-c. 233 B.C.E.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: Pioneer of Dialectical Historical Method 1770-1831

Heidegger, Martin: Influential Twentieth-Century Existential Philosopher 1889-1976

Herodotus: Father of European History c. 484--c. 425 B.C.E.

Heschel, Abraham Joshua: Influential Jewish Theologian and Social Activist 1907-1972

Hildegard Von Bingen, Saint: Major Figure in Medieval Mystical Tradition 1098-1179

Hsün-Tzu: Influential Confucian Moral Philosopher c. 300--c. 230 B.C.E.

Hubbard, L. Ron: Founder of the Church of Scientology 1911-1986

Hume, David: Major Enlightenment Philosopher; Critic of Empiricism 1711-1776

Hus, Jan: Czech Reformer of the Christian Church 1372-1415

Husserl, Edmund: Philosopher and Founder of Phenomenology 1859-1938

Ignatius of Loyola, Saint: Founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 1491-1556

Israel Ben Eliezer: (Ba'al Shem Tov) Founder of the Jewish Hasidic Movement c. 1700-1760

James, William: Preeminent American Psychologist; Philosophical Pragmatist 1842-1910

Jefferson, Thomas: Principal Author of the U.S. Declaration of Independence 1743-1826

Jeremiah: Biblical Prophet Influential in Diaspora Judaism c. 645--c. 570 B.C.E.

Jerome, Saint: Christian Theologian; Translator of the Bible into Latin c. 347-419/20

Jesus: Teacher, Healer, and Savior of the Christian Tradition c. 4 B.C.E.--c. 30 C.E.

Joan of Arc, Saint: National Heroine and Patron Saint of France c.1412-1431

John Xxiii, Pope: (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli) Pope and Modern Reformer of the Roman Catholic Church 1881-1963

John Paul Ii, Pope: (Karol Wojtyla) Influential Roman Catholic Pope 1920-

Junayd, Abu Al- Qasim, Al-: Architect of the First Theoretical Foundations of Sufism c. 825-c. 910

Kant, Immanuel: Leading Enlightenment Philosopher 1724-1804

Kaplan, Mordecai Menahem: American-Jewish Theologian; Founder of Reconstructionist Judaism 1881-1983

Keynes, John Maynard: Influential Political Economist; Advocate of Government Intervention in Economic Affairs 1883-1946

Khaldun, Ibn: Originator of the Sociological Approach to History 1332-1406

Khomeini, Ruhollah: Influential Twentieth-Century Islamic Leader c.1900-1989

Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye: Influential Existentialist Philosopher 1813-1855

Kindi, Yaqub Ibn: Ishaq as-Sabah, al- Islamic Philosopher and Synthesizer of Greek Thought c.800-c.873

King, Martin Luther, Jr.: Preeminent Civil Rights Leader 1929-1968

Lao-Tzu: Founder of Taoism c. 570-490 B.C.E.

Lee, Ann (mother Ann): Founder and Spiritual Leader of the Shakers 1736-1784

Locke, John: Architect of Classical Political Liberalism 1632-1704

Luther, Martin: Principal Figure in the Protestant Reformation 1483-1546

Machiavelli,: Niccolò Founder of Modern Political Science 1469-1527

Madhva: Founder of Hindu School of Dvaita Vedanta c.1199-c.1278

Madison, James: Principal Architect of the United States Constitution 1751-1836

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Founder of Transcendental Meditation 1911 (?)--

Mahavira (vardhamana): Founder of Jainism c.599-c.527 B.C.E.

Macolm X: (Malcolm Little) Militant Black Activist; Minister of the Nation of Islam 1925-1965

Mani (manes; Manichaeus): Founder of Manichaeism 216-c. 274

Mann, Horace: Educational Philosopher and Reformer; Advocate of Free Public Schools 1796-1859

Marcion: Influential Early Christian Heretic 1st-2nd Century C.E.

Marcus Aurelius: Roman Emperor; Stoic "Philosopher-King" 121-180

Marx, Karl: Originator of Marxism 1818-1883

Mary: Mother of Jesus; Object of Catholic Veneration 1t Century B.C.E.-1t Century C.E.

Matta Ibn Yunus: Early Arabic Commentator on Aristotle d. 940

Melanchthon, Philipp: Humanist and Reformation Theologian; Author of Influential Lutheran Documents 1497-1560

Mencius (meng K'O): Confucian Moral Philosopher and Interpreter c. 371-c. 289 B.C.E.

Mill, John Stuart: Pioneer of Utilitarianism 1806-1873

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem De: Influential French Philosopher and Essayist 1533-1592

Montesquieu, Baron De La Brède Et De: (Charles Louis de Secondat) Originator of the Theory of the Separation of Powers 1689-1755

Montessori, Maria: Educational Philosopher; Originator of the Montessori Method 1870-1952

Moon, Sun Myung: Evangelist and Founder of the Unification Church 1920-

More, Sir Thomas, Saint: Author of Utopia; Defender of the Roman Catholic Faith 1477-1535

Moses: First Leader and Lawgiver of the Ancient Israelites c. 13th century B.C.E.

Moses Ben Maimon (maimonides): Medieval Jewish Philosopher; Codifier of Jewish Law 1135-1204

Muhammad: Prophet and Founder of Islam c. 570-632

Muhammad, Elijah: (Elijah Poole) Leader of the Nation of Islam 1897-1975

Nanak: Founder of Sikhism 1469-1539

Niebuhr, Reinhold: Political Theologian; Advocate of Christian Political Activism 1892-1971

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm: Influential Philosopher and Critic of Judeo-Christian Tradition 1844-1900

Origen: (Oregenes Adamantius) Synthesizer of Early Christian Theology c. 185-c. 255

Palmer, Phoebe Worrall: Founder of the Holiness Movement 1807-1874

Parham, Charles Fox: Founder of American Pentecostalism 1873-1929

Pascal, Blaise: Influential Mathematician, Theologian, and Philosopher of Science 1623-1662

Patañjali: Traditional Author of the Yoga-Sutras c. 220 B.C.E. to c. 400 C.E.

Patrick, Saint: Patron Saint and National Apostle of Ireland c. 390-c. 461

Paul (saul of Tarsus): Influential Early Christian Thinker and Missionary c. 5 B.C.E.--c. 64 C.E.

Peirce, Charles Sanders: Founder of Pragmatism 1839-1914

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich: Influential Educational Philosopher and Reformer 1746-1827

Philo Judaeus (philo of Alexandria): Hellenistic Interpreter of Jewish Law c. 20 B.C.E.-c. 50 C.E.

Piaget, Jean: Pioneer of Developmental Child Psychology 1896-1980

Plato: Influential Greek Philosopher c. 428-c. 347 B.C.E.

Pythagoras: Pre-Socratic Philosopher of Mathematical Realism c. 580-c. 500 B.C.E.

Rabi'Ah Al'Adawiyah: Architect of Sufi Asceticism c. 717-801

Ramakrishna: (Gadadhar Chatterji) Hindu Mystic Reformer c. 1835-1886

Ramanuja: Founder of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta c. 1017-1137 (traditionally)

Rauschenbusch, Walter: Leader of the Social Gospel Movement 1861-1918

Reid, Thomas: Founder of the Philosophical School of Common Sense 1710-1796

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: Political Philosopher; Developer of the Social Contract Theory 1712-1778

Roy, Ram Mohun: Reformer of Hinduism; Founder of Brahmo Samaj 1772-1833

Russell, Bertrand: Influential Twentieth-Century Philosopher; Founder of Logicism 1872-1970

Russell, Charles Taze: Founder of the Jehovah's Witnesses 1852-1916

Sartre, Jean-Paul: Preeminent Twentieth-Century Existentialist 1905-1980

Savonarola, Girolamo: Italian Church Reformer; Millenarian Prophet 1452-1498

Schneerson, Menachem Mendel: Head of the Habad-Lubavitch Sect of Hasidic Judaism 1902-1994

Schopenhauer, Arthur: Exponent of the Metaphysical Doctrine of the Will 1788-1860

Seton, Elizabeth Ann, Saint: First American-Born Saint; Founder of the Sisters of Charity 1774-1821

Shafi'I, Abu 'Abd Allah, Ash-: Preeminent Islamic Legal Scholar 767-820

Shang Yang: (Kung-sun Yang) Chinese Philosopher of Legalist School c. 390-338 B.C.E.

Shankara: Founder of Advaita Vedanta Hinduism c. 700-c. 750

Smith, Adam: Philosopher and Political Economist; Originator of Modern Liberal Economic Theory 1723-1790

Smith, Joseph: Founder of the Mormon Church 1805-1844

Socrates of Athens: First Greek Philosopher of the Western Tradition; Developer of Socratic Method c. 469-399 B.C.E.

Spinoza, Benedict De: First Philosophical Defender of Democracy 1632-1677

Stowe, Harriet Beecher: Prominent Abolition ist; Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin 1811-1896

Strong, Josiah: Promoter of the Social Gospel; Leader of the Ecumenical Movement 1847-1916

Teresa, Mother: (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu) Founder of the Order of the Missionary Sisters of Charity 1910-1997

Teresa of Ávila, Saint: Christian Mystic; Founder of the Order of Barefoot Carmelites 1515-1582

Thales of Miletus: Originator of the Foundations of Greek Philosophy and Science c. 624--c. 546 B.C.E.

Thomas Aquinas, Saint: Christian Theologian; Synthesizer of Faith and Reason c. 1224-1274

Thoreau, Henry David: Leading Transcendentalist Philosopher 1817-1862

Tillich, Paul: Theologian and Philosopher; Reconciler of Christian Thought with Modern Culture 1886-1965

Torquemada, Tomás De: First Grand Inquisitor of Spanish Inquisition 1420-1498

Tutu, Desmond: Anglican Archbishop of South Africa; Fighter Against Apartheid 1931-

Urban Ii, Pope: (Odo of Lagery) Initiator of the Crusades c. 1035-1099

Vivekananda: (Narendranath Datta or Dutt) Promoter of Hinduism in Western Society 1863-1902

Voltaire: (FraņE7ois-Marie Arouet) Leading Philosopher of the French Enlightenment 1694-1778

Washington, Booker Taliaferro: Influential Educator and Spokesperson for African Americans 1856-1915

Wesley, John: Anglican Clergyman; Founder of Methodism 1703-1791

White, Ellen Gould: Founder and Spiritual Leader of the Seventh-Day Adventists 1827-1915

Wise, Isaac Mayer: Founder of American Reform Judaism 1819-1900

Wittgenstein, Ludwig: Major Philosopher of the Twentieth Century 1889-1951

Wovoka: Native American Religious Leader; Leader of Ghost Dance Movement c.1856-1932

Wycliffe, John: English Church Reformer; Forerunner of the Protestant Reformation c. 1330-1384

Young, Brigham: Early Influential Mormon Leader 1801-1877

Zeno of Citium: Founder of Stoic Philosophy c. 335-c. 263 B.C.E.

Zoroaster (zarathustra) Founder of Zoroastrianism C. 1000 B.C.E.

Appendices, Bibliography, and Index

APPENDIX, ONE:: Highlights in the History of Philosophy and Religion

APPENDIX TWO:: Geographic Listing of Biographies

APPENDIX THREE:: Chronological Listing of Biographies

APPENDIX FOUR:: Alphabetical Listing of Biographies

Bibliography

Index
13 .

The Pursuit of Happiness in the Democratic Creed: An Analysis of Political Ethics ("The Principles of Montesquieu" begins on p. 134)
by Carl J. Friedrich, Ursula M. von Eckardt. 414 pgs.

Book

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Title Page

Preface

Contents

Introduction

Part 1: In the Light of Science

1: A Decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind

2: We Hold These Truths. . . The Intellectual Horizons of the Eighteenth Century

Part 2: Thomas Jefferson

3: Governments Are Instituted Among Men

4: Certain Unalienable Rights-- Among These Life and Liberty

5: -- and the Pursuit of Happiness

Part 3: The Common-Sense of the Subject

6: Bold in the Pursuit of Knowledge

7: The Laws of Nature and of Nature's God

8: Happiness and the Body Politic

9: Happiness and Human Understanding The Philosophy of John Locke

10: Happiness and Virtue

Part 4: The Creed and the Pledge

11: To Secure These Rights

12: In the Course of Human Events

Notes

Bibliography

Index
14 .

Rousseau and Burke: A Study of the Idea of Liberty in Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Chap. V "The Disciple of Montesquieu")
by Annie Marion Osborn. 272 pgs.

Book

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Title Page

Preface

Contents

Chapter I: The Insane Socrates

Chapter II: Whig Trusteeship

Chapter III: New Lamps for Old

Chapter IV: Rousseau, Man and Thinker

Chapter V: The Disciple of Montesquieu

Chapter VI: The Foundations of the Modern State

Chapter VII: The General Will

Chapter VIII: The British Constitution

Chapter IX The Principles of Government

Chapter X: Statesman and Philosophe

Notes

Bibliography: (selected)

Index: (names and Titles)
15 .

The Politics of Distinction and Disobedience: Honor and the Defense of Liberty in Montesquieu, in Polity
by Sharon Krause. 31 pgs.

Journal Article

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16 .

Monstrous Virtue: Montesquieu's Considerations Sur Les Romains, in The Romanic Review
by Elena Russo. 19 pgs.

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