Critical Theory

The essays in this volume represent a collective questioning of the poststructuralist ascendancy, and of the assumptions involved therein, by a group of prominent scholars and critics: M. H. Abrams, Nina Baym, Frederick Crews, Ihab Hassan, David Lehman, Richard Levin, Paisley Livingston, Saul Morson, and John Searle. Assembled at The University of Alabama for the 1992 symposium from which this book takes its title, these scholars were charged with the task of examining the truth-value, methodology, practice, and humanistic status of poststructuralist theories and with speculating on what their conclusions portend for the future of theory. Some of the deficiencies "uncovered" in the emperor's apparel include the failure of poststructuralist theory to answer to the complexities of literary experience, its tendency to be self-ratifying, its betrayal of the feminist achievement, its conflation of style and logic, its attempt to impose apocalyptic finalities on history's open-endedness, and its ignorance of much,in current language philosophy. The writings of Jacques Derrida, in particular, come in for skeptical scrutiny by Abrams, Livingston, and Searle. The book concludes with a lively panel discussion in which the audience joins the fray.

This book is a meticulous argument for the contemporary value of Marx's democratic theory as an interpretive key for the postmodernism debates. Landry uses the works of Derrida, Foucault, and Lyotard to represent the poststructuralist camp and the writings of Habermas to represent the rationalist camp. Viable social critique, argues Landry, mediates between "pure social constructivist" and "pure realist" metaphysics. Postmodernism, although critical of Marx, aided the broader project of critical social theory, particularly Marx's critique of social-material contexts of oppression. Indeed, significant positive affiliations among Marx, Habermas, and the poststructuralists are found in their commitment to criticizing ideological aspects of bourgeois Enlightenment rationality and modernity.

The essays in this book engage with the broad range of J]rgen Habermas' work including politics and the public sphere, nature, aesthetics, the linguistic turn and the paradigm of intersubjectivity. Each essay responds to particular difficulties with Habermas' approach to these topics. Each contributor also draws on different theoretical and philosophical traditions in order to explore recent developments in critical theory.

At a time when postmodernism seems to have achieved a dominant position in cultural and critical theory, the contributors to this volume present a much needed corrective to the misleading images of modernism which have dominated recent debate. Theorizing Modernisms includes an account of European modernism, and analysis of the work of Apollinaire and Aberti, Wyndham Lewis and Mike Johnson, and Kert Schwitters. Steve Giles provides a much needed overview of the relationship between modernism and the avant-garde, postmodernism and modernity.

Arguing against the postmodern claim that systematic theory is unable to account for difference, Difference in Time: A Critical Theory of Culture adopts an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of cultural judgement and social change. With music as her model for theory, Hanrahan explores the role of time, the creation of meaning, the identification of difference, and the basis for judgements in cultural life. In doing so she provides a foundation for the critique of cultural objects and practices that avoids both the elitism of traditional aesthetics and the unwavering relativism of so much contemporary cultural analysis. A broad-ranging and deeply philosophical work building on the scholarship of the Frankfurt School, Difference in Time: A Critical Theory of Culture drives home the need for critique in the evaluation and revision of social knowledge and of the institutions of democratic civic life.

At the heart of this important new book is the tension between literacy and the open acknowledgement of discrepancies within social and linguistic fields on the one hand, and what Sussman terms the resolving function, the utopian picture of harmony depicted by the state and large organizations, on the other. After discussing some examples of the resolving function--Barthes's notion of the myth, Kundera's fictional treatment of kitsch, and contemporary television--Sussman draws on a line of theoretical inquiry extending from Saussure to Derrida in order to put forth a differential model of literacy in which the skills necessary to participate productively in culture are more disjunctive than associative in nature. Awareness of the discrepancies set into play by language is necessary, he argues, for both the individual and the society to understand the complex and sometimes contradictory web of socioeconomic, political, and semiological relations in which they are involved. Combining literary theory with close textual readings of works by Hawthorne, Melville, Wallace Stevens, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, and Italo Calvino, this book is the first to explore the socio-political correlatives to literary studies--the mass media's ambivalence toward the linguistic apprehensions and skills that make them possible.

Kolbas stakes out new territory assessing the war over literary canon formation, a subject that contemporary polemicists have devoted much ink to. Kolbas ranges through the sociology and politics of culture, aesthetic theory, and literary theory to develop his point that texts not only should be situated in the historical and material conditions of their production, but also evaluated for their very real aesthetic content. According to Kolbas, the canon is not simply enclosed in the ivory tower of academia -- its effects are apparent in a much wider field of cultural production and use. His vision is a socio-logical one, but one that treats the components of the canon as possessing objective aesthetic content, albeit content that shifts in meaning over history.

Agger develops a critical theory which confronts the challenges of feminism and postmodernism in order to address postmodernity adequately. Drawing on first-generation critical theory of Horkheimer, Adorno, and Marcuse and second-generation critical theory of Habermas, Agger argues for the priority of critical theory over the antitotality perspectives of postmodernism and feminism. Although Frankfurt critical theory, postmodernism, and feminism are often viewed as divergent, Agger develops an argument for synthesis, outlining what he calls the logic of feminist postmodern critical theory. He then applies the logic to particular social, political, textual, and cultural problems. Building especially on the feminist critique of the domination of women's reproductive activities by a male standard of value, this new theoretical logic connects social problems heretofore seen as separable, especially those which derive from the intellectual agenda of multiculturalism.

Alway identifies and assesses new models of emancipatory politics in the Frankfurt Schools Critical Theory. She outlines the complexities of Critical Theory, and clarifies the logical connections between assumptions that inform the critical theorists' analyses of social conditions and their views on the possibilities for radical political practice.

"This important study draws together theorists & themes in a thorough, sophisticated, & balanced account of both contemporary & classic schools of critical social theory. Agger's outstanding interdis-ciplinary overview of how critical social theorizing approaches social control, the modern university, public culture, & the global economy provides a definitive introduction to the concerns & methods of critical social theorists." Timothy W. Luke Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University "This is the book my students have been asking for, & the one they need to read.... A masterful piece of work, engagingly written & profound in its implications for the future of social theory." Laurel Richardson