Edward C. Tolman

Tolman, Edward Chace - 1886–1959, American psychologist, b. West Newton, Mass., grad. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1911; Ph. D. Harvard, 1915. He spent most of his academic career at the Univ. of California, Berkeley, where he taught psychology (1918–54). His approach to human behavior involved a synthesis of Gestalt psychology and behaviorism, focusing on an entire Read More...

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Edward C. Tolman

1.

Collected Papers in Psychology
by Edward Chace Tolman. 292 pgs.

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Title Page

Foreword

Edward Chace Tolman

Contents

1: A New Formula for Behaviorism

2: Can Instincts Be Given Up in Psychology?

3: A Behavioristic Account of the Emotions

4: Ehaviorism and Purpose

5: Purpose and Cognition: the Determiners of Animal Learning

6: A Behavioristic Theory of Ideas

7: A Behaviorist's Definition of Consciousness

8: Sign-Gestalt Or Conditioned Reflex?

9: Gestalt and Sign-Gestalt

10: Psychology Versus Immediate Experience

11: Operational Behaviorism and Current Trends in Psychology

12: The Acquisition of String Pulling by Rats -- Conditioned Response Or Sign -- Gestalt?

13: The Determiners of Behavior at A Choice Point

References

14: Physiology, Psychology, and Sociology

15: Prediction of VIcarious Trial and Error by Means of the Schematic Sowbug

16: Psychological Man

17 a Drive-Conversion Diagram

18: A Stimulus-Expectancy Need-Cathexis Psychology

19: Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men

20 Bibliography of the Published Work of Edward Chace Tolman
2.

Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology (Chap. 15 "Edward Chace Tolman: A Life of Scientific and Social Purpose")
by Gregory A. Kimble, Michael Wertheimer, Charlotte White. 368 pgs.

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Contents

Preface

Portraits of the Authors and Editors1

Chapter 1: A Trans-Time Visit with Francis Galton

Chapter 2: William James: Spoiled Child of American Psychology

Chapter 3: The Spirit of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Chapter 4: Freud: 3 Contributions

Chapter 5: From "Paired Associates" to a Psychology of Self

Chapter 6: The Intrepid Joseph Jastrow

Chapter 7: E. B. Titchener on Scientific Psychology and Technology

Chapter 8: Continuity for Women

Chapter 9: Harvey Carr and Chicago Functionalism

Chapter 10: Edward L. Thorndike

Chapter 11: C. G. Jung

Chapter 12: Perspectives on John B. Watson

Chapter 13: Max Wertheimer: Modern Cognitive Psychology and the Gestalt Problem

Chapter 14: Psychology from the Standpoint of a Mechanist

Chapter 15: Edward Chace Tolman

Chapter 16: Leta Stetter Hollingworth

Chapter 17: Natural Wholes

Chapter 18: General Anthroponomy and Its Systematic Problems

Chapter 19: Systems as Reconceptualizations

Chapter 20: Integrations of Lashley

Chapter 21: Harry Stack Sullivan

Chapter 22: Robert Choate Tryon

Index
3.

Foundations of Conditioning and Learning (Chap. 3 "The Objectivist Climate: Bechterev, Watson, and Tolman" and Chap. 13 "The Determiners of Behavior at a Choice Point" by Edward C. Tolman)
by Gregory A. Kimble. 716 pgs.

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Title Page

Preface

Contents

I: Historical Foundations

1: Sechenov and the Anticipation of Conditioning Theory

2: Pavlov and the Experimental Study of Conditioned Reflexes

3: The Objectivist Climate: Bechterev, Watson, and Tolman

4: A Functional Interpretation of the Conditioned Reflex

II: Methodological Background

5: The Basic Tenet of Behaviorism

Summary

6: The Definition of Learning and Some Useful Distinctions

7: Conditioning as an Artifact

8: A Magnitude Measure of the Conditioned Eyelid Response

9: Human Salivary Conditioning: a Methodological Study I

10: The Concept of Reflex and the Problem of Volition

11: The Effect of Deafferentation on Instrumental (type Ii) Conditioned Reflexes in Dogs

III: Important Theoretical Positions

12: Hull's Version of S-R Theory

Summary

13: The Determiners of Behavior at a Choice Point

14: Formalization and Clarification of a Theory of Learning

15: An Introduction to Two-Process Theory

16: The Relationship Between Success and the Laws of Conditioning

17: n Experimental Approach to the Problem of Mechanism of Alimentary Conditioned Reflex, Type II

IV: Basic Phenomena and Parameters

18: The Role of Absolute Initial Response Strength in Simple Trial and Error Learning

Summary

19: Eyelid Conditioning as a Function of the Interval Between Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli

20: Effects of Conditioned Stimulus Intensity on the Conditioned Emotional Response

21: Changes in Response Strength with Changes in the Amount of Reinforcement

22: The Gradient of Delay of Secondary Reward in Avoidance Learning Tested on Avoidance Trials Only

23: The Dimensional Bases of Stimulus Generalization

24: The Generalization of an Instrumental Response to Stimuli Varying in the Size Dimension

25: A Study of the Transposition Gradient

26: Prediction of Preference, Transposition, and Transposition-Reversal from the Generalization Gradients

V: Motivation and Reward

27: The Effects of Training and Motivation on the Components of a Learned Instrumental Response

28: The Effectiveness of Drives as Cues

29: A Quantitative Comparison of the Discriminative and Reinforcing Functions of a Stimulus

30: Strength of Fear as a Function of the Number of Acquisition and Extinction Trials

31: Experiments on Motivation: Studies Combining Psychological, Physiological, and Pharmacological Techniques

32: Some Psychophysiological Studies of Motivation and of the Behavioral Effects of Illness

VI: Extinction and the Varieties of Inhibition

33: "Inhibition of Reinforcement" and Phenomena of Experimental Extinction

34: Quantitative Studies of the Interaction of Simple Habits: Recovery from Specific and Generalized Effects of Extinction

35: A Comparison of Two Methods of Producing Experimental Extinction

36: The Effect of Random Alternation of Reinforcement on the Acquisition and Extinction of Conditioned Eyelid Reactions

37: External Inhibition of the Conditioned Eyelid Reflex

38: External Inhibition of the Conditioned Eyelid Reflex as a Function of the Temporal Locus of the External Inhibitor

39: Does the Interval of Delay of Conditioned Responses Possess Inhibitory Properties?

40: Conditioned Diminution of the Unconditioned Eyelid Reflex

41: Pathological Diminution of the Eyelid Ur in the Squirrel Monkey: Some Anecdotal Observations

VII: Relations to Complex Processes

42: Thomas M. French on the Relationship Between Psychoanalysis and the Experimental Work of Paulou

43: Contributions of Conditioning Principles to Psychiatry

44: Paín-Aggressíon

45: The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis Applied to Some "Field-Force" Problems in the Behavior of Young Children

46: Attítudínal Factors ín Eyelíd Condítíoníng

47: A Stímulus-Response Analysís of Anxíety and Its Role as a Reínforcing Agent

References
4.

Readings in Learning ("There Is More Than One Kind of Learning" by Edward C. Tolman begins on p. 62 and "Social Learning" by Edward C. Tolman begins on p. 329)
by Lawrence M. Stolurow. 580 pgs.

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Table of Contents

Chapter I: Some Systematic Posistions

1-1 Connectionism

I. Introduction

II. Satisfying State

IV. Annoying States

1-2: Hypothetico-Deductive Method of Theory Construction

V. Summary

VI. Essentials of Behaviors

1-3: An S-R Contiguity Theory of Learning

I. Introduction

II. Some Characteristics of Learning

10. Insight

1-4: Toward a Statistical Theory of Learning

II. Preliminary Considerations

I. Introduction

VIII. Summary

1-5 There is More that One Kind of Learning

I. Introduction

II. Conditions and Laws

III. Summary

1-6: A Reanalysis of the Basic Datum and Conditions of Learning

I. Introduction

II. The Basic Datum in Learning

IV. Conclusion

Chapter 2: Some Conditioning Concepts and Techniques

2-1 Techniques of Motor Conditioning

I. Introduction

II. General Handling of Subject

VII. Summary

2-2: Conditioning by Direct Stimulation of the Cortex

I. Introduction

II. Conditioning with Faradization of the Sigmoid Gyri as the Unconditional Stimulus

V. Summary

2-3: Two Types of Conditioned "Reflex" and a Pseudo-Type

2-4 Conditioning and Inhibition

I. Introduction

II. External Inhibition

Chapter 3: Motivation and Reinforcement

3-1 Qualitative Food Deficiency as a Drive

I. Introduction

II. Subjects and Technique

IV. Discussion and Conclusion

V. Summary

3-2: Reinforcement at a Variable Ratio

I. Introduction

IV. Summary and Conclusions

IV. Summary and Conclusions

3-3: A Test of Latent Learning

I. Introduction

II. Experimental Procedure

IV. Summary

3-4: Motivation in Secondary Reinforcement

I. Introduction

II. Procedure

V. Summary

3-5: Delayed Reward Learning and Secondary Reinforcement

I. Introduction

II. Gradient Effect of Delay

IV. Summary

3-6: Anxiety: a Learned Response and A Reinforcing Agent

II. Summary

Chapter 4: Some Motor and Verbal Learning Variables

4-1 Constant and Varied Stimulation

II. Purpose and Procedure

I. Introduction

4-2: Reminiscence and Warm-Up

I. Introduction

II. Apparatus and Procedures

IV. Conclusions

4-3: Distributed Practice

I. Introduction

II. Procedure--Experiment I

VII. Summary--Experiment 1

VIII. Summary -- Experiment 2

4-4: Remote Associations

I. Introduction

II. The Experiment

V. Summary

4-5: Intra-List Generalization

I. Introduction

II. Method

V. Summary and Conclusions

Chapter 5: Some Discrimination and Perceptual Learning Variables

5-1 Visual Discrimination Learning

I. Introduction

II. Statement of the Present Problem

VI. Summary

5-2: Insight: a Critical and Experimental Analysis

I. Introduction

II. The Criteria of Insight Learning

V. Summary and Conclusions

5-3: Learning the Relation of Opposition

II. Subjects

I. Introduction

V. Summary

5-4: Reenforcement and Perceptual Learning

Chapter 6: Educational and Social Learning

I. Introduction

6-1 Learning from Films: Delayed Imitation

II. Delayed Imitation

6-2: Attitudes as Learned Behavior

I. Introduction

II. Definition of Attitude

IV. Conclusion

I. Introduction

6-3: Social Learning

II. A Point of View

Chapter 7: Retention and Forgetting

7-1 Retention of Verval and Motor Skills

I. Introduction

II. Apparatus and Method

V. Summary and Conclusions

7-2 Two Methods of Measuring Retention

I. Introduction

II. Methods and Procedure

IV. Summary

7-3: Recognition and Memory Trace

I. Introduction

I. Introduction

X. Conclusions

XI. Summary

7-4: A Two Factor Theory of Retroactive Inhibition

I. Introduction

II. Method

IV. Theoretical Conclusions

V. Summary

7-5: Retroactive and Proactive Inhibition

I. Introduction

II. Method

V. Summary

Chapter 8: Transfer and Related Concepts

8-1 Transfer from and Illustration

I. Introduction

II. Method

V. Summary

8-2: Generalization and Discrimination

I. Introduction

II. An Hypothesis

IV. Conclusions

8-3: Stimulus Generalization During Response Generalization

I. Introduction

II. Problem

VII. Summary

8-4: Primary Stimulus Generalization

I. Introduction

II. Preliminary History of the Problem

V. Summary and Conclusions

8-5: Semantic and Phonetographic Generalizations

I. Introduction

II. Procedure

VI. Summary

8-6: Learning How to Learn

I. Introduction

II. Apparatus and Procedure

VIII. Conclusions

Bibliography

Index
5.

Contemporary Learning Theories: Pavlovian Conditioning and the Status of Traditional Learning Theory ("Tolman's Expectancy Theory" begins on p. 8)
by Stephen B. Klein, Robert R. Mowrer. 340 pgs.

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Contemporary Learning Theories: Instrumental Conditioning Theory And the Impact of Biological Constraints on Learning

Preface

Contributors

I Theories of Pavlovian Conditioning

1: Traditional Learning Theory and the Transition to Contemporary Learning Theory

2: Learning and Performance in Pavlovian Conditioning: Are Failures of Contiguity Failures of Learning Or Performance?

3: Contingency and Relative Associative Strength

4: Attention, Retrospective Processing and Cognitive Representations

5: Perceptual and Associative Learning

6: Evolution of a Structured Connectionist Model of Pavlovian Conditioning (AESOP)

7: Sign-Tracking: The Search for Reward

II Current Status of Traditional Learning Theory

8: The Case for a Return to a Two-Factor Theory of Avoidance: The Failure of Non-Fear Interpretations

9: Expectancy Theory in Animal Conditioning

Author Index

Subject Index
6.

Systems and Theories of Psychology ("Tolman's Purposive Behavior" begins on p. 250)
by J. P. Chaplin, T. S. Krawiec. 500 pgs.

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Title Page

Preface

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

I: The Evolution of the Scientific Method in Psychology

Introduction

References

II: The Scientific Method (Cont'D)

References

III: Sensation in Systematic Psychology

References

IV: Perception: the Classical Heritage

References

V: Perception: Contemporary Trends

References

VI: Learning: the Classical Heritage

References

VII: Learning: Contemporary Trends

References

VIII: Thinking

References

IX: Motivation

Summary and Evaluation

References

X: Feeling and Emotion

References

XI: Quantitative Psychology

References

XII: Personality

Summary and Evaluation

References

XIII: Epilogue

Indices
7.

The Explanation of Human Behaviour (1951) (Chap. XI "The System of E. C. Tolman")
by F. V. Smith. 280 pgs.

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Title Page

Preface

How to Read This Book

Contents

Part I: The Activity of Explaining

Chapter I: Introduction

Chapter II: Some Characteristic Features of the Human Mind In the Activity of Explaining

Chapter III: Features of the Causal Relationship

Chapter IV: Some Remarks on the Nature of Processes

Chapter V: Some Difficulties in the Explanation Of Various Processes

Part II: Human Behaviour The Problems of Instigation, Explanatory Technique and The Unique Character of the Individual Personality

Chapter VI: The System of Wm. Mcdougall

Further Reading

Chapter VII: The Systems of Kurt Lewin

References

Part III: Three Behaviouristic Systems

Chapter IX: The Behaviourism of John B. Watson

Chapter X: The Systems of Clark L Hull

Chapter XI: The System of E. C. Tolman

Chapter XII: Retrospect

Index of Authors

General Index
8.

Historical Perspectives and the International Status of Comparative Psychology (Chap. 8 "Edward C. Tolman: Comparative Psychologist?")
by Ethel Tobach. 256 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

I: Historical Perspectives

Introduction I: Some Historical Perspectives

1: The First Systematic Account of Comparative Avian Behavior

2: Theories of Mental Evolution in Comparative Psychology: Darwin to Watson

3: Behaviorism: On Concerns Relating to its Nexus and Origin

4: Early Zoological Input to Comparative and Animal Psychology at the University of Chicago

Appendix 1: PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY IN ZOOLOGICAL COURSES, 1892-1914

Appendix 2: ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT MEMBERS AND TITLES, 1892-1916

5: Historical Review of the Use of Captive Animals in Comparative Psychology

6: Robert M. Yerkes and the Comparative Method

7: Placing Women in the History of Comparative Psychology: Margaret Floy Washburn and Margaret Morse Nice

8: Edward C. Tolman: Comparative Psychologist?

9: Two Comparative Psychologies

II: INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Introduction II: Contemporary Status of Comparative Psychology

10: Comparative Psychology in Latin America

11: The Study of Animal Behavior in Argentina

12: Comparative Psychology in the United States: A Status Report

13: Historical Bases and Current Status of Comparative Psychology in Japan

14: THE COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY OF A. N. LEONTYEV (U.S.S.R.)

15: Current Status of Comparative Psychology in Italy

Appendix A: Questionnaire

16: Comparative Psychology in the Netherlands

17: Comparative Psychology in the United Kingdom

References

Acknowledgments

Author Index

Subject Index
9.

Topics in the History of Psychology, Vol. I ("Tolman" begins on p. 48)
by Gregory A. Kimble, Kurt Schlesinger. 430 pgs.

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Contents

Contents of Volume 2

Preface

A Brief Introduction to a History of Psychology

REFERENCES

2 Conditioning and Learning

REFERENCES

3 Human Learning and Memory

REFERENCES

4 Comparative Psychology And Ethology

REFERENCES

5 Sensory Processes: Vision

REFERENCES

6 Taste And Olfaction

REFERENCES

7 A History Of Perception

REFERENCES

8 A History of the Study of the Cortex: Changes in the Concept of the Sensory Pathway

INTRODUCTION

REFERENCES

Name Index

Subject Index
10.

War: Studies from Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology (Includes "Drives toward War" by Edward C. Tolman)
by Leon Bramson, George W. Goethals. 383 pgs.

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War: Studies from Psychology Sociology Anthropology

Preface to the Revised Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Acknowledgments

Contents

Part I: Studies from Psychology

Introduction

Instinct Theories and Comparative Psychology

William James the Moral Equivalent of War

William Mcdougall the Instinct of Pugnacity

D. O. Hebb & W. R. Thompson Emotion and Society

Psychoanalytic Perspectives

Sigmund Freud Why War?

E. F. M. Durbin & John Bowlby Personal Aggressiveness and War

Harry Stack Sullivan toward a Psychiatry of Peoples

Erik H. Erikson Wholeness and Totality

Daniel J. Levinson Authoritarian Personality and Foreign Policy

Social Learning and Intergroup Relations

Mark A. May War, Peace, and Social Learning

Edward C. Tolman Drives toward War

Gordon W. Allport the Role of Expectancy

Part II: Studies from Sociology and Anthropology

Introduction

William Graham Sumner War

Robert E. Park the Social Function of War

Bronislaw Malinowski an Anthropological Analysis of War

Margaret Mead Warfare is Only an Invention— Not a Biological Necessity

Andrew P. Vayda Primitive Warfare

Joseph Schneider Primitive Warfare: a Methodological Note

Part III: War, Liberal Democracy, and Industrial Society

Introduction

Herbert Spencer the Military and the Industrial Society

Harold D. Lasswell the Garrison State

Alexis de Tocqueville on War, Society, and the Military

Morris Janowitz Military Elites and the Study of War

Raymond Aron War and Industrial Society

Amitai Etzioni toward a Sociological Theory of Peace

Selected Bibliography

Index
11.

Twentieth Century Psychology: Recent Developments in Psychology ("Identification and the Post-war World" by Edward C. Tolman begins on p. 119)
by Philip Lawrence Harriman, Larry Freeman, George W. Hartmann, Kurt Lewin. 732 pgs.

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Title Page

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Table of Contents

Part I: General and Theoretical

Psychology's Progress and the Armchair Taboo

References

Nazi Science

Conclusions

A Theory of Human Motivation

References

The Conceptual Focus of Some Psychological Systems

Theoretical and Experimental Difficulties of Modern Psychology with the Body-Mind Problem

Summary

Personality and Typology

References

Part II: Social Psychology

Identification and the Post-War World

The Concept of Social Status

References

Identification with Social and Economic Class

Conclusions

An Experimental Approach to the Study of Mob Behavior

References

Training in Democratic Leadership

The 100 Greatest Books Selected by 100 Qualified Persons

A Case Study in the Perpetuation of Error

Patterns of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created "Social Climates"

References

The Authoritarian Character Structure

Part III: Animal Psychology

The Experimental Embryology of Mind

Ant Learning as a Problem in Comparative Psychology

References

Contemporary American Animal Psychology in Perspective

Part IV: Experimental Psychology

Interrelations Between Levels of Aspiration, Performance, and Estimates of Past Performance

References

Ocular Photography: a Scientific Approach to the Study of Human Behavior

The Acoustic Characteristics of the Ear

References

The Psychophysiology of Set

The Physiological Conquest of Personality Structure

Recent Developments in Conditioning

Part V: Psychology of Aesthetic Experience

Aesthetic Experience in the Light of Current Psychology

The Expression of Meanings and Emotions in Music

The Affective Character of Music

Part VI: Abnormal Psychology

Toward a Practical Concept of Neurosis

Psychopathy as a Psychological Problem

References

Pharmacological Shock Therapy as a Psychobiological Problem

References

Treatment of a Case of Anxiety Hysteria by an Hypnotic Technique Employing Psychoanalytic Principles

Concerning the Nature and Character of Post-Hypnotic Behavior

References

The Experimental Induction of a Multiple Personality

Part VII: Differential Psychology

The American Caste System and the Question Of Negro Intelligence

The Effect of Mental Disorder on Intelligence

The Army Personnel Classification System

The Rorschach Method and Its Significance in the Mental Hygiene Program

The Patient and His Personality: A Short Discussion of the Rorschach Method of Personality Evaluation and Its Uses in Clinical Medicine.

Part VIII: Child Psychology

Trends in Child Psychology

Index
12.

Reinforcement: An Enduring Problem in Psychology Selected Readings ("Equal Reinforcements in Both End-Boxes, Followed by Shock in One End-Box" by Edward C. Tolman and Henry Gleitman begins on p. 61)
by Robert C. Birney, Richard C. Teevan. 240 pgs.

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Title Page

Foreword

Contents

Introduction

Part I

1: Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning

2: The Acquisition of Receptor-Effector Connections--Primary Reinforcement

3: Conditioning as a Principle Of Learning

4: Reward Neal E. Miller and John Dollard

Part II

5: The Effect of the Introduction of Reward Upon the Maze Performance of Rats Hugh Carlton Blodgett

6: Studies in Learning and Motivation: I. Equal Reinforcements in Both End- boxes, Followed by Shock in One End- box

7: On the Elimination of Cul Entries Without Obvious Reinforcement

Part III

8: On the Dual Nature of Learning--A Re- interpretation of "Conditioning" and "Problem Solving"

Part IV

9: Reward Value of A Non-Nutritive Sweet Taste

10: Reward Effects of Food Via Stomach Fistula Compared with Those of Food Via Mouth

11: Discrimination Learning by Rhesus Monkeys to Visual-Exploration Motivation

12: Failure to Find a Learned Drive Based on Hunger; Evidence for Learning Mo- tivated by "Exploration"

13: Positive Reinforcement Produced By Electrical Stimulation of Septal Area And Other Regions of Rat Brain

14: Shortcomings of Food Consumption as A Measure of Hunger; Results from Other Behavioral Techniques

Part V

15: Comments on Selected Controversial Issues
13.

Behaviorism: A Conceptual Reconstruction ("Tolman" begins on p. 254)
by G. E. Zuriff. 372 pgs.

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Contents

Preface

Chapter 1 General Overview

Part I the Science

Chapter 2 Observation: the Case Against Introspection

Conclusion

Chapter 3: The Behavioral Data Language

Chapter 4 Theoretical Concepts

Chapter 5: Theorizing

Part II Behavior

Chapter 6 S-R

Conclusion

Chapter 7: The Organization of Behavior

Chapter 8: Complex Processes

Part III Mind

Conclusion

Chapter 10: Behavioral Interpretation

Chapter 11 First-Person Reports

Conclusion

Chapter 12: Behavioral Epistemology

Notes

References Cited

Index
14.

Contemporary Schools of Psychology (1948) (Discussion of Edward C. Tolman begins on p. 103)
by Robert S. Woodworth. 279 pgs.

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Preface

Acknowledgments

Contents

Illustrations

Chapter 1: Our Schools and Their Background

Chapter 2: Functional and Structural Psychology

Chapter 3: Associationism Old and New

Chapter 4: Behaviorism

Chapter 5: Gestalt Psychology

Chapter 6: Psychoanalysis and Related Schools

Chapter 7: Hormic and Holistic Psychologies

Chapter 8: The Middle of the Road

Bibliography

Author Index

Subject Index
15.

Approaches to Cognition: Contrasts and Controversies (Discussion of Edward C. Tolman begins on p. 112)
by Terry J. Knapp, Lynn C. Robertson. 334 pgs.

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Contents

Preface

1: Cognitive Psychology And Philosophy of Mind

2: The Emergence of Cognitive Psychology in the Latter Half of the Twentieth Century

3: The Information Processing Approach to Cognition

4: Why I Am Not A Cognitive Psychologist

5: Bringing Cognition and Creativity into the Behavioral Laboratory

6: Understanding Animal Cognition

7: J. J. Gibson's Ecological Theory of Information Pickup: Cognition from the Ground Up

8: From Gestalt to Neo-Gestalt

9: Cognitive Intervention in Perceptual Processing

10: Toward a Computational Neuropsychology of High- Level Vision

11: Cognitive Neuropsychology

12: Putting Cognitive Psychology to Work: Examples from Computer System Design

13: A Coordination of Differences: Behaviorism, Mentalism, and the Foundations of Psychology

Author Index

Subject Index
16.

Handbook of Contemporary Learning Theories (Discussion of Edward C. Tolman begins on p. 11)
by Robert R. Mowrer, Stephen B. Klein. 624 pgs.

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Mowrer and Klein have long been making contributions to the field of contemporary learning theories. Their first two-volume set included chapters authored by many of the leading researchers in the field of animal learning and focused primarily on Pavlovian theory and instrumental conditioning. These impartial texts were an important addition to the field and remain widely cited. Over the last decade research on the nature of the learning process has evolved considerably. The research in this new volume represents the cutting-edge contributions of first rate authors and co-authors. These 14 chapters deal with the theoretical perspectives concerning the nature of the learning process, as well as the innovative research that supports these positions. This text is bound to be invaluable to both students and faculty of psychology and related disciplines, as well as to outside scholars. Key features include: * an introductory chapter describing general theories of learning and the causes of the shift to more specific, contemporary theories; * five chapters detailing the research and theories of the nature of Pavlovian Conditioning; * four chapters dealing with the current thinking and research on the nature of instrumental operant conditioning; * three chapters describing the link between learning and physiology; and * a concluding chapter detailing the application of learning theory to abnormal psychology.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1 the Transitive Nature of Contemporary Learning Theory

References

Chapter 2 a Componential Theory of Pavlovian Conditioning

References

Chapter 3 the Extended Comparator Hypothesis:: Learning by Contiguity, Responding by Relative Strength

References

Chapter 4 Experimental Extinction

References

Chapter 5 Motivational Modes in Behavior Systems

References

Chapter 6 Theories of Conditioning and Timing

References

Chapter 7 Contingency Learning and Causal Reasoning

Acknowledgments

㉞a References

Chapter 8 Incentive Processes in Instrumental Conditioning

▮ References

Chapter 9 Perceptual Learning: Association and Differentiation

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

Chapter 10 Autoshaping and Drug-Taking

Conclusion

References

Chapter11 Neurobiology of Reinforcement:: Interaction Between Dopamine and Cholecystokinin Systems

References

Chapter 12 Effects of Uncontrollable Aversive Events: Some Unsolved Puzzles

References

Chapter 13 the Attenuating Effects of Drug Preexposure on Taste Aversion Conditioning: Generality, Experimental Parameters, Underlying Mechanisms, and Implications for Drug Use and Abuse

References

Chapter 14 the Neurotic Paradox: Attempts by Two-Factor Fear Theory and Alternative Avoidance Models to Resolve the Issues Associated with Sustained Avoidance Responding in Extinction

References

Author Index

Subject Index

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