R. M. Hare

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R. M. Hare

1 .

The Language of Morals
by R. M. Hare. 212 pgs.

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Title Page

Preface

Contents

Prescriptive Language

Part the Imperative Mood

Imperatives and Logic

Inference

Decisions of Principle

Part Good'

Naturalism'

Meaning and Criteria

Description and Evaluation

Commending and Choosing

Good' in Moral Contexts

Part Ought'

Ought' and 'Right'

Ought' and Imperatives

An Analytical Model

Index
2 .

Moral Thinking: Its Levels, Method, and Point
by R. M. Hare. 256 pgs.

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PREFACE

CONTENTS

I: INTRODUCTION

2: MORAL CONFLICTS

3: THE ARCHANGEL AND THE PROLE

4: DESCRIPTIVISM AND THE ERROR THEORY

5: ANOTHER'S SORROW

6: UNIVERSALIZATION

7: INTERPERSONAL COMPARISON

8: LOYALTY AND EVIL DESIRES

9: RIGHTS AND JUSTICE

10: FANATICISM AND AMORALISM

11: PRUDENCE, MORALITY AND SUPEREROGATION

12: OBJECTIVITY AND RATIONALITY

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX
3 .

Sorting out Ethics
by R. M. Hare. 212 pgs.

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Sorting Out Ethics is a characteristically lucid and lively survey of rival ethical theories by one of the most influential moral philosophers of the century. It also constitutes a definitive summary of Hare's own fundamental ethical position. The book's main theme is that objectivity in moral thinking is not to be sought by making moral questions into questions of fact; this leads inevitably to relativism, tying us to particular cultures and languages. Objectivity is to be sought, rather, by emphasizing the universally prescriptive character of moral language, which all cultures can share, and so using it to resolve their moral differences. An objective moral prescription, as Kant saw, is one upon which all rational thinkers can agree.

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Preface

Contents

Part I: The Enterprise of Moral Philosophy

1: Philosophy of Language in Ethics

2: Defence of the Enterprise

3: Taxonomy

Part II: The Axel HÄGerstrÖM Lectures a Taxonomy of Ethical Theories

4: Naturalism

5: Intuitionism

6: Emotivism

7: Rationalism

8: Could Kant Have Been a Utilitarian?

Part III: Kant

References and Bibliography

Index
4 .

Plato
by R. M. Hare. 90 pgs.

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Preface

Contents

1: Life and Times

2: Plato's Forebears

3: How Plato Became a Philosopher

4: Understanding Plato

5: Knowing Things

6: Definition, Dialectic and the Good

7: Education and the Good Life

8: The Divided Mind

9: The Authoritarian State

10: Plato's Achievement

Further Reading and References

Index
5 .

Essays in Ethical Theory
by R. M. Hare. 272 pgs.

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R.M. Hare is one of the most widely discussed of today's moral philosophers. In this volume he has collected a number of essays, including one which is previously unpublished, which fill in the theoretical background of his thought. Each essay is self-contained, but together they give a connected picture of his views on such questions as the objectivity and rationality of moral thinking, the issue between the ethical realists and their opponents, the place in our moral thought of appeals to common convictions, and how to tell whether a feature of a situation is morally relevant.

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Preface

Contents

I: Why Do Applied Ethics?

2: Some Confusions About Subjectivity

3: What Makes Choices Rational?

4: Principles

5: Supervenience

6: Ontology in Ethics

7: How to Decide Moral Questions Rationally

8: A Reductio Ad Absurdum of Descriptivism

9: The Promising Game

10: Rawls's Theory of Justice

II: The Structure of Ethics and Morals

12: Relevance

13: Ethical Theory and Utilitarianism

14: Utilitarianism and the Vicarious Affects

15: Some Reasoning About Preferences: a Response to Essays by Persson, Feldman, and Schueler

References and Bibliography

Index
6 .

Essays on Political Morality
by R. M. Hare. 272 pgs.

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R. M. Hare, one of the most widely discussed of today's moral philosophers, presents a selection of essays in which he brings ethical theory lucidly to bear on moral problems arising in politics. He examines our obligation to obey the law; the limits of legitimate lawbreaking, civil violence, and war; rights of various sorts and their supposed conflict with utility; justice, distributive and retributive; and care of the environment. His arguments are amply illustrated by specific examples. The volume substantiates the author's claim that help with such problems can be found in philosophy, and particularly in his own ethical theory, which draws together the best insights of Kant and utilitarians.

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Preface

Contents

1 The Role of Philosophers in The Legislative Process

2 Political Obligation

3 Rebellion

4 On Terrorism

5 Rules of War And Moral Reasoning

6 Philosophy and Practice: Some Issues About War and Peace

7 Rights, Utility, and Universalization: Reply to J. L. Mackie

8 Utility and Rights: Comment on David Lyons's Paper

9 Arguing About Rights

10 Liberty and Equality: How Politics Masquerades As Philosophy

11 The Rights of Employees: The European Court of Human Rights and the Case Of Young, James, and Webster)

12 What is Wrong with Slavery

13 Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity In South Africa?

14 Justice and Equality

15 Punishment and Retributive Justice

16 Contrasting Methods Of Environmental Planning

17 Moral Reasoning About The Environment

References And Bibliography

Index
7 .

Essays on Religion and Education
by R. M. Hare. 248 pgs.

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R. M. Hare is one of the most widely discussed of today's moral philosophers. In this volume he has collected his most important essays in the related fields of religion and education, some newly published and others now inaccessible. The book starts with an exposition of his ideas on the meaning of religious language. There follow several essays, theoretical and practical, on the relations between religion and morality, which have deep implications for moral education. The central question addressed in the rest of the volume is how children can be educated to think for themselves, freely but rationally, about moral questions, and the effects on society of failure to achieve this. Professor Hare argues that those who want to dispense with morality are in effect resigning from a vital educational task. Attitudes to euthanasia and to equality of educational opportunity are taken as examples of how our thinking can go wrong.

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PREFACE

CONTENTS

I: The Simple Believer

Appendix: Theology and Falsification

2: Religion and Morals

3: Are There Moral Authorities?

4: Euthanasia: A Christian View

5: How Did Morality Get a Bad Name?

6: Satanism and Nihilism

8: Autonomy as an Educational Ideal

9: Value Education in a Pluralist Society: A Philosophical Glance at the Humanities Curriculum Project

10: Language and Moral Education

Appendix: Rejoinder to G. J. Warnock

II: Platonism in Moral Education: Two Varieties

12: Why Moral Language?

13: Opportunity for What? Some Remarks on Current Disputes About Equality in Education

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX
8 .

Objective Prescriptions, and Other Essays
by R. M. Hare. 244 pgs.

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R. M. Hare has brought together in this volume the best of his uncollected essays in moral philosophy, several of them previously unpublished or revised for this collection. They span the whole range of his ethical interests, from the most abstract to the most down-to-earth. The reader will find here the bases of his ethical theory in Kantian prescriptivism, utilitarianism, and the logic of imperatives, and will see that theory applied to issues of bioethics, medical ethics, business ethics, loyalty and obedience, and racism. The essays display the author's characteristic clarity and vigour; some of them are polemical, targeting particular opponents and rival theories. The volume provides a compelling demonstration of Hare's commitment to bringing together the theoretical and the practical in ethics.

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Title Page

PREFACE

CONTENTS

I Objective Prescriptions

2 Prescriptivism

3 Some Subatomic Particles Of Logic

4 Imperatives, Prescriptions, And Their Logic

5 Philosophy and Conflict

6 A New Kind of Ethical Naturalism?

7 Philippa Foot on Subjectivism

8 Internalism and Externalism In Ethics

9 Weakness of the Will

10 Foundationalism and Coherentism In Ethics

Ii Preferences of Possible People

12 Methods of Bioethics: Some Defective Proposals

13 A Utilitarian Approach To Ethics

14 Is Medical Ethics Lost?

15 Loyalty and Obedience

16 Why Racism is an Evil

17 The Ethics of Medical Involvement In Torture

18 One Philosopher's Approach To Business and Professional Ethics

19 What Are Cities For? the Ethics Of Urban Planning

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX
9 .

Rationality, Rules, and Utility: New Essays on the Moral Philosophy of Richard B. Brandt (Chap. 5 "Brandt's Methods of Ethics" by R. M. Hare)
by Brad Hooker. 254 pgs.

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Rationality, Rules, and Utility: New Essays on the Moral Philosophy of Richard B. Brandt

Contents

Preface

1: Brandt on Rationality and Value

2: Alternatives to Brandt's Theory of Reasons for Action

3: Brandt on Self-Control

4: Brandt on Autonomy

5: Brandt's Methods of Ethics

6: Moral Concepts and Justified Feelings

7: The Evolution of Utility: a Philosophical Journey

8: Expectation Effects, Individual Utilities, and Rational Desires

9: The Economics of Knowledge and Utilitarian Morality

10: The Problem of Group Egoism

11: Welfare, Equality, and Distribution: Brandt from the Left

12: Brandt's Moral Philosophy in Perspective

13: Comments

References

About the Contributors

About the Book and Editor
10 .

The Moral Gap: Kantian Ethics, Human Limits, and God's Assistance (Includes "A Contemporary Kantian" in Chap. 1)
by John E. Hare. 304 pgs.

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Is morality too difficult for human beings? Kant said that it was, except with God's assistance. Contemporary moral philosophers have usually discussed the question without reference to Christian doctrine, and have either diminished the moral demand, exaggerated human moral capacity, or tried to find a substitute in nature for God's assistance. This book looks at these philosophers--from Kant and Kierkegaard to Swinburne, Russell, and R.M. Hare--and the alternative in Christianity.

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Acknowledgments

Contents

Abbreviations and Editions

Introduction

Part I: Kantian Ethics

I: Kant and the Moral Demand

2: God's Supplement

3: Moral Faith

Part II: Human Limits

4: Puffing Up the Capacity

5: Centrality

6: Reducing the Demand

7: Substitutes for God's Assistance

Part III: God's Assistance

8: Repentance

9: Forgiveness

10: God's Assistance

Bibliography

Index of Biblical Passages

General Index
11 .

An Enquiry into Goodness: And Related Concepts; with Some Remarks on the Nature and Scope of Such Enquiries (Chap. 7.225 "R. M. Hare"
by F. E. Sparshott. 324 pgs.

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VNIVERSITATI TORONTONENSI ALMAE NOVERCAE nec non PATRONAE

NOTE

CONTENTS

1: The Nature of Philosophy

2: The Nature of Ethics

3: The Nature of Analysis

4: Some Other Opinions

5: Qualities

6: The Analysis of Good""

7: The Proposed Analysis Compared with Other Opinions

9: The Nature and Scope of the Foregoing Discussion

Index
12 .

Ethics: History, Theory, and Contemporary Issues (Includes excerpt from "Freedom and Reason" by R. M. Hare on p. 508)
by Steven M. Cahn, Peter Markie. 888 pgs.

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The most comprehensive collection of its kind, Ethics is organized into three sections, providing instructors with flexibility in designing and teaching a variety of courses in moral philosophy. Opening with Alasdair MacIntyre's discussion of the importance of the history of ethics, the first section, Historical Sources, moves from classical thought (Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, and Epictetus) through medieval views (Augustine and Aquinas) to modern theories (Hobbes, Butler, Hume, Kant, Bentham, and Mill). It culminates with the religiosity of Kierkegaard, the pessimism of Schopenhauer, the nihilism of Nietzsche, the pragmatism of James and Dewey, and the existentialism of Camus and Sartre. The readings are reprinted in their entirety wherever possible. The second section, Modern Ethical Theory, begins with James Rachels' overview of recent developments, and includes many of the most important essays of the twentieth century. The discussion of utilitarianism, Kantianism, egoism, and relativism continues in the work of major contemporary philosophers (Williams, Brandt, Feinberg, Foot, and Rachels). Landmark selections (Moore, Ross, Stevenson, Baier, Hare, Harman, and Gauthier) reflect concern with moral language and the justification of morality. The concepts of justice (Rawls), rights (Feinberg), and saintliness (Urmson and Wolff) are explored, as well as recent views on the importance of virtue ethics (MacIntyre and Rachels), and an ethic influenced by feminist concerns (Held). Peter Singer's discussion of the significance of applied ethics opens the third section, Contemporary Moral Problems. The readings present the current debates over abortion (Thomson, Tooley, and Sterba), euthanasia (Rachels and Foot), famine relief (Singer and Arthur), animal rights (Regan and Cohen), the death penalty (van den Haat and Nathanson), and affirmative action (Hill and Kekes).

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Contents

Preface

Introduction

Introduction

Part I: Historical Sources

1: Plato

2: Aristotle

3: Epicurus

4: Epictetus

5: Saint Augustine

6: Saint Thomas Aquinas

7: Thomas Hobbes

8: Joseph Butler

9: David Hume

10: Immanuel Kant

11: Jeremy Bentham

12: John Stuart Mill

13: Soren Kierkegaard

14: Arthur Schopenhauer

15: Friedrich Nietzsche

16: William James

17: John Dewey

18: Albert Camus

19: Jean-Paul Sartre

Introduction

Part II: Modern Ethical Theory

20: G. E. Moore

21: W. D. Ross

22: C. L. Stevenson

23: R. M. Hare

24: Kurt Baier

25: Gilbert Harman

26: James Rachels

27: Joel Feinberg

28: Bernard Williams

29: Richard B. Brandt

30: Joel Feinberg

31: Philippa Foot

32: John Rawls

33: David Gauthier

34: Alasdair Macintyre

35: James Rachels

36: Virginia Held

37: J. O. Urmson

38: Susan Wolf

39: Thomas Nagel

Part III: Contemporary Moral Problems

40: Judith Jarvis Thomson

41: Michael Tooley

42: James Sterba

43: James Rachels

44: Philippa Foot

45: Peter Singer

46: John Arthur

47: Tom Regan

48: Carl Cohen

49: Ernest Vanden Haag

50: Stephen Nathanson

51: Thomas E. Hill Jr.

51: John Kekes
13 .

Freedom and Reason
by R. M. Hare. 228 pgs.

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Freedom and Reason

Preface

Contents

Part I Describing and Prescribing

2 Descriptive Meaning

3 Principles

4 'Ought' and 'Can'

5 Backsliding

Part II Moral Reasoning

7 Utilitarianism

8 Ideals

9 Toleration and Fanaticism

Part III from Theory to Practice

11 a Practical Example

Index
14 .

An Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (Chap. 26 "Utilitarianism" and Chap. 27 "Emotivism and Prescriptivism")
by G. H.R. Parkinson, T. E. Burke, J. G. Cottingham, M. A. Proudfoot, J. E. Tiles. 938 pgs.

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* Presents a broad survey of philosophical thought* Each chapter explores, and places in context, a major area of philosophical enquiry - including the theory of meaning and of truth, the theory of knowledge, the philosophies of mathematics, science and metaphysics, the philosophy of mind, moral and political philosophy, aesthetics, and religion* Annotated bibliographies for each chapter and indexes of names and subjects* Glossary of commonly-used philosophical terms* Chronological table of the history of philosophy from 1600`It is a fine achievement and deserves the warmest praise ... Anyone interested in learning what contemporary philosophical debate is about will find this book invaluable ... for a book of this size and quality of content the cover price is modest. Every public library as well as every university, college and school library should have a copy on its shelves.' - Times Higher Education Supplement`A stimulating collection.' - Reference Reviews

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

1: What is Philosophy?

Notes

Bibliography

Part A: Meaning and Truth

Introduction

2: Theories of Meaning: from 'Reference' to 'Use'

Notes

Bibliography

3: Theories of Meaning: After the Use Theory

Bibliography

4: Truth

Notes

Bibliography

5: The Truths of Logic and of Mathematics

Bibliography

Part B: Theory of Knowledge

Introduction

6: The Analysis of Knowledge

Bibliography

7: Knowledge of the External World

Bibliography

8: Memory Knowledge

Notes

Bibliography

9: Induction and Probability

Notes

Bibliography

10: Science as Conjecture and Refutation

Bibliography

11: Science and the World

Notes

Bibliography

Part C: Metaphysics

Introduction

12: Substance

Notes

Bibliography

13: Different Types of Causation

Notes

Bibliography

14: Our Knowledge of Causality

Notes

Bibliography

15: Philosophy and the Existence of God

Notes

Bibliography

16: Space, Time and Motion

Bibliography

Part D: Philosophy of Mind

Introduction

17: Mind and Body: Non-Reductionist Theories

Notes

Bibliography

18: Mind and Body: Some Forms of Reductionism

Notes

Bibliography

19: Behaviourism

Bibliography

20: Problems of Personal Identity

Notes

Bibliography

21: The Will

Notes

Bibliography

22: Freedom of the Will

Notes

Bibliography

Part E: Moral Philosophy

Introduction

23: The Nature of Moral Philosophy

Notes

Bibliography

24: Teleological Theories of Morality

Notes

Bibliography

25: Morality and Universal Law

Notes

Bibliography

26: Utilitarianism

27: Emotivism and Prescriptivism

Notes

Bibliography

28: Value, Authenticity and the Death of God

Notes

Bibliography

Part F: Society, Art and Religion

Introduction

29: Political Obligation: Some Sceptical Views

Notes

Bibliography

30: Defenders of the State

Bibliography

31: The Philosophy of Rights

Notes

Bibliography

32: The Limits of the State

Notes

Bibliography

33: The Philosophy of Punishment

Notes

Bibliography

34: The Philosophy of the Social Sciences

Notes

Bibliography

35: The Philosophy of History

Bibliography

36: Aesthetics

Notes

Bibliography

37: The Philosophy of Religion

Notes

Bibliography

Further Notes and References

Notes on Contributors

Glossary

Philosophy, 1600–1960: a Chronological Survey

Index of Names

Index of Subjects

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