Bernard of Clairvaux

Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint - klrvōˈ, 1090?–1153, French churchman, mystic, Doctor of the Church. Born of noble family, in 1112 he entered the Cistercian abbey of Cîteaux, taking along 4 or 5 brothers and some 25 friends. In 1115 he headed the group sent to found a house at Clairvaux. There he remained abbot all his life, despite many efforts to elevate him to higher Read More...

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Bernard of Clairvaux

1 .

Bernard of Clairvaux
by G. R. Evans. 222 pgs.

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Renowned medievalist G.R. Evans here provides a concise introduction to St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153), a figure of towering importance on the twelfth-century monastic and theological scene. After a brief overview of Bernard's life, Evans focuses on a few major themes in his work, including his theology of spirituality and his theology of the political life of the Church. The only available introduction to Bernard's life and thought, this latest addition to the Great Medieval Thinkers series will appeal to a wide audience of students and scholars of history and theology.

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Title Page

Series Foreword

Contents

Introduction

1: Vita Bernardi

2: Monastic Theology

3: Academic Theology

4: Exegesis and Theology

5: Positive Theology

6: Negative Theology

7: Moral Theology, Law, and Justice

8: Political Theology

Conclusion

Notes

Select Bibliography

Index
2 .

Spirit and Experience in Bernard of Clairvaux, in Theological Studies
by Kilian McDonnell. 16 pgs.

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3 .

The Mystical Theology of Saint Bernard
by Etienne Gilson. 266 pgs.

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Preface

Contents

The Mystical Theology Of St. Bernard

Chapter II: Regio Dissimilitudinis

Chapter III: Schola Caritatis

Chapter IV: Paradisus Claustralis

Chapter V: Unitas Spiritus

Appendices: Around St. Bernard Men and Movements

Appendix I

Appendix III: Berenger the Scholastic

Appendix IV: St. Bernard and Courtly Love

Appendix V

Notes

Bibliography

Index of Subjects

Index of Proper Names
4 .

Readings on the Knowledge of Self and the Knowledge of God
by Bernard of Clairvaux, Franz Posset. 152 pgs.

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The Two-Fold Knowledge: Readings on the Knowledge of Self & the Knowledge of God Selected & Translated from the Works of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux

Table of Contents

Dedication

Foreword

Editor's Preface

Introduction

1.: Know Yourself

2.: Know Yourself as Christ's Beast of Burden

3.: Know Your Tribulations

4.: Know the Word of God

5.: Knowledge That Comes from the School of God

6.: Know the True Godliness

7.: O Lord It is Hard, but Smart, to Be Humble

8.: Know God in Christ

9.: This is My Philosophy: to Know Jesus and Him Crucified

10.: Accusation of Self; Justification by God

11.: Know That It is Enough for Merit to Know That Merits Are Not Enough

12.: Know How to Shepherd

13.: Know Your Direction and Your Spiritual Progress

Epilogue

List of Illustrations
5 .

Early Medieval Philosophy (1951) (Chap. IV "Bernard of Clairvaux")
by George Bosworth Burch. 146 pgs.

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Preface

Contents

Chapter I: John Scotus Erigena

Chapter II: Anselm of Canterbury

Chapter III: Peter Abelard

Chapter IV: Bernard of Clairvaux

Chapter V: Isaac of Stella

Conclusion

Notes

Bibliography

Index
6 .

The Envy of Angels: Cathedral Schools and Social Ideals in Medieval Europe, 950-1200 (Chap. 10 "Bernard of Clairvaux")
by C. Stephen Jaeger. 530 pgs.

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Abbreviations

Part One: The Old Learning

1: Two Models of Carolingian Education

2: Court and School in Ottonian Times

3: The New Education Institutionalized: Schools of Manners

4: Cultus Virtutum

5: Ethics Colonizing the Liberal Arts

6: Conclusion to Part I: Outbidding the Gods

Part Two: The Decline of the Old Learning

7: Two Crises

8: Old Learning Against New

Part Three: The Twelfth Century: Seeking New Homes

9: Humanism and Ethics at the School of St. Victor

10: Bemard of Clairvaux

11: Twelfth-Century Humanism

12: Court Society

Conclusion

Appendix A: Moral Discipline and Gothic Sculpture: The Wise and Foolish Virgins of the Strassburg Cathedral

Appendix B: The Letter of Goswin of Mainz to His Student Walcher (ca. 1065)

Index
7 .

The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100-1215 ("Bernard of Clairvaux's Attitude toward the Schools" begins on p. 54)
by Stephen C. Ferruolo. 380 pgs.

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Acknowledgments

Contents

Introduction

PART ONE THE SCHOOLS

One Paris and the Expansion of Education

Two the School of St. Victor

PART TWO THE CRITICS

Three Monastic Opposition to the Schools

Four the Satirists

Five the Humanists

Six the Moralists I: Preaching to Scholars

Seven the Moralists Ii: Promoting Reform

CONCLUSION: The Formation of the University of Paris

Notes

Manuscripts Cited

Index
8 .

Heresies of the High Middle Ages ("Bernard of Clairvaux against Henry" begins on p. 122)
by Austin P. Evans, Walter L. Wakefield. 865 pgs.

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This volume presents an extensive collection of Medieval sources for the history of the popular heresies in Western Europe.

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Preface

Contents

Introduction

Early Appearances of the Heresies in Western Europe

The Development of Heresy from the Late Eleventh to the Mid-Twelfth Century

The Spread of Heresy in Italy 1160-1216

Heresy in Southern France 1155-1216

Heretical Movements in Northern Europe, 1155-1216

Heresy in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries, 1216-1325

Catharist Literature of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries

Abbreviations

Appendix

Notes

Bibliography

Index
9 .

Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order ("Sanctification of Crime: St. Bernard of Clairvaux" begins on p. 154)
by Tomaz Mastnak. 406 pgs.

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"An outstanding work that successfully engages a historical phenomenon of major influence on our lives today and also looks into one of the more treacherous aspects of human thought and behavior... Mastnak shows, in a robust and convincing fashion, that the crusades and the peace movement were two faces of the same coin and analyzes in compelling detail how this dynamic played itself out from the eleventh through the fourteenth centuries."--Michael A. Sells, author of "The Bridge Betrayed
"An enormously important contribution to understanding how Western Europe defined itself as Christendom and then acted on that understanding to shape new and hostile relations with other parts of the world."--Gabrielle M. Spiegel, author of "The Past as Text

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Contents

Acknowledgments

One: From Holy Peace to Holy War

Two: The Holy Manner of Warfare

Three: Christendom and the Crusade

Four: Monks, Philosophers, and Warrior Monks

Five: The Fall of the Papal Monarchy and the Rise of Territorial Power

Six: Imperialists, Separatists, and Crusaders

Works Sited

Index
10 .

Philosophers and Religious Leaders ("Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint: Defender of Christianity against Rationalism, 1090-1153" begins on p. 28)
by Christian D. von Dehsen. 248 pgs.

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How did Elijah Muhammad's establishment of the Nation of Islam affect the civil rights movement in the United States? Philosophers and Religious Leaders answers that question and others as it presents 200 leaders whose lives and work have greatly influenced the world we live in today. Profiles include: Muhammad Abduh--architect of Islamic modernism. Mary Daly-- influential feminist theologian and philosopher. Mary Baker Eddy--founder of Christian Science. Mencius (Meng K'o)--Confucian moral philosopher and interpreter. Shang Yang--Chinese philosopher of legalist school.

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Table of Contents

Introduction

'Abduh, Muhammad: Architect of Islamic Modernism 1849-1905

Abelard, Peter: Theologian and Philosopher; Proponent of the Modern University 1079-1142

Abraham: First Biblical Patriarch c. 2000-1500 B.C.E.

Afghani, Jamal Ad- Din, Al-: Influential Twentieth-Century Pan-Islamist c. 1838-1897

Akhenaton: (Amenhotep IV) Egyptian Pharaoh; Advocate of Monolatry Reigned c. 1367-1350 B.C.E.

Akiba Ben Joseph: Early Interpreter of Jewish Law c. 40-.135

Anaximander: Philosopher-Scientist; Early Developer of Cosmological Theory c. 611-c. 547 B.C.E.

Anselm of Canterbury, Saint: Archbishop of Canterbury; Father of Scholasticism c.1033-1109

'Arabi, Ibn Al-: Master of Islamic Sufi Mysticism 1165-1240

Arendt, Hannah: Philosopher of Totalitarianism 1906-1975

Aristotle: Influential Greek Philosopher; Opponent of Platonic Concept of Forms 384-322 B.C.E.

Arjun: Fifth Sikh Guru; Compiler of the Adi Granth 1563-1606

Athanasius, Saint: Egyptian Bishop and Theologian; Developer of the New Testament Canon c. 293-373

Augustine of Hippo, Saint: Seminal Christian Theologian 354-430

Aurobindo Ghose: (Sri Aurobindo) Founder of Integral Yoga 1872-1950

Averroës: (Ibn Rushd) Islamic Theologian; Interpreter of Aristotle and Plato 1126-1198

Avicenna: (Ibn Sina) Islamic Philosopher; Synthesizer of Greek Thought 980-1037

Bacon, Francis: Philosopher of Science; Originator of Inductive Method of Scientific Inquiry 1561-1626

Baha' Allah: (Mirza Hoseyn Ali Nuri) Founder of Bahai Religion 1817-1892

Bakunin, Mikhail: Russian Revolutionary; Founder of Modern Anarchy 1814-1876

Barth, Karl: Christian Theologian and Originator of Neo-Orthodoxy; Active Opponent of Hitler 1886-1968

Benedict of Nursia, Saint: Founder of Basic Structure of Western Monasticism c. 480-547

Bentham, Jeremy: English Jurist and Philosopher; Expounder of Utilitarianism 1748-1832

Berkeley, George: Founder of Idealism 1685-1753

Bernadette of Lourdes, Saint (marie Bernarde Soubirous): Roman Catholic Visionary 1844-1879

Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint: Defender of Christianity Against Rationalism 1090-1153

Bihbihani, Aka Sayyid Muhammad Bakir: Influential Shiite Legal Scholar c. 1705-c. 1792

Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna: Founder of the Theosophical Movement 1831-1891

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus: Influential Medieval Philosopher; Architect of Scholasticism c. 480-c. 524

Boff, Leonardo: Influential Liberation Theologian 1938-

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich: German Theologian; Influential Nazi Resister 1900-1945

Buber, Martin: Religious Philosopher; Developer of Jewish Existentialism 1878-1965

Buddha: (Siddhartha Gautama) Founder of Buddhism c. 600-c. 400 B.C.E.

Bushnell, Horace: Protestant Theologian; Father of American Religious Liberalism 1802-1876

Calvin, John: Theologian; Leading Protestant Reformer 1509-1564

Channing, William Ellery: Early Unitarian Church Leader 1780-1842

Columba, Saint: Founder of the Influential Christian Community at Iona 521-597

Comte, Auguste: Founder of Sociology 1798-1857

Cone, James Hal: Architect of Black Liberation Theology 1938-

Confucius (k'Ung Ch'Iu): Chinese Philosopher; Founder of Confucianism 551-479 B.C.E.

Cranmer, Thomas: Leader of the English Reformation 1489-1556

Cyril of Alexandria, Saint: Architect of Early Christian Christology c. 375-444

Dalai Lama (tenzin Gyatso): Spiritual Leader of Tibetan Buddhism 1935-

Daly, Mary: Influential Feminist Theologian and Philosopher 1928-

David: Important Biblical Figure; Founder of Jerusalem Tenth Century B.C.E.

Derrida, Jacques: Postmodern French Philosopher; Proponent of Deconstructionism 1930-

Descartes, René: Originator of the Framework of Modern Philosophy 1596-1650

Dewey, John: Father of Progressive Education 1859-1952

Diderot, Denis: Encyclopedist and Major Philosopher of the French Enlightenment 1713-1784

Du Bois, W. E. B.: Black Nationalist Leader; Founder of the NAACP 1868-1963

Durkheim, Émile: Founder of Modern Methods of Sociology 1858-1917

Eddy, Mary Baker: Founder of Christian Science 1821-1910

Einhorn, David: Theologian of Reform Judaism 1809-1879

Elijah: Hebrew Prophet; Monotheist c. 9th Century B.C.E.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo: Pioneer of Transcendentalism 1803-1882

Epictetus: Influential Stoic Philosopher c. 50-c. 135

Epicurus: Founder of Epicurean School of Philosophy 341-270 B.C.E.

Erasmus, Desiderius: Humanist Theologian and Scholar; Christian Proponent of Free Will c.1469-1536

Farabi, Al-: First Theologian to Relate Islamic Theology to Greek Philosophy c. 878-c. 950

Fatimah Bint Muhammad: Daughter of Muhammad; Matriarch of the Shiite Sect c. 610-633

Fa-Tsang: Systematizer of Huayan School of Chinese Buddhism 643-712

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: Philosopher of Transcendental Idealism 1762-1814

Fortune, Dion: Founder of the Society of the Inner Light 1890-1946

Foucault, Michel: Wide-ranging Twentieth-Century Philosopher 1926-1984

Fox, George: Founder of the Quakers 1624-1691

Francis of Assisi, Saint: Founder of the Franciscan Order of Friars c. 1181-1226

Gadamer, Hans-Georg: Philosopher of Hermeneutics 1900-

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (mahatma): Father of Indian Independence; Leading Advocate of Nonviolent Protest 1869-1948

Garrison, William Lloyd: Leader of Abolitionist Movement 1805-1879

Garvey, Marcus: Founder and Leader of the Black Nationalist Movement 1887-1940

Ghazali, Al-: Influential Islamic Theologian and Mystic 1058-1111

Gladden, Solomon Washington: Protestant Leader of Social Gospel Movement 1836-1918

Gobind Singh: Founder of Khalsa Sect of Sikhism 1666-1708

Gregory I, Pope: Early Pope and Church Reformer c. 540-604

Gutiérrez, Gustavo: Originator of Latin American Liberation Theology 1928-

Hallaj, Al: Founder of the Sufi Halladjiyya Sect c. 858-922

Han-Fei-Tzu: Major Scholar of Chinese Legalist School c. 280-c. 233 B.C.E.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: Pioneer of Dialectical Historical Method 1770-1831

Heidegger, Martin: Influential Twentieth-Century Existential Philosopher 1889-1976

Herodotus: Father of European History c. 484--c. 425 B.C.E.

Heschel, Abraham Joshua: Influential Jewish Theologian and Social Activist 1907-1972

Hildegard Von Bingen, Saint: Major Figure in Medieval Mystical Tradition 1098-1179

Hsün-Tzu: Influential Confucian Moral Philosopher c. 300--c. 230 B.C.E.

Hubbard, L. Ron: Founder of the Church of Scientology 1911-1986

Hume, David: Major Enlightenment Philosopher; Critic of Empiricism 1711-1776

Hus, Jan: Czech Reformer of the Christian Church 1372-1415

Husserl, Edmund: Philosopher and Founder of Phenomenology 1859-1938

Ignatius of Loyola, Saint: Founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 1491-1556

Israel Ben Eliezer: (Ba'al Shem Tov) Founder of the Jewish Hasidic Movement c. 1700-1760

James, William: Preeminent American Psychologist; Philosophical Pragmatist 1842-1910

Jefferson, Thomas: Principal Author of the U.S. Declaration of Independence 1743-1826

Jeremiah: Biblical Prophet Influential in Diaspora Judaism c. 645--c. 570 B.C.E.

Jerome, Saint: Christian Theologian; Translator of the Bible into Latin c. 347-419/20

Jesus: Teacher, Healer, and Savior of the Christian Tradition c. 4 B.C.E.--c. 30 C.E.

Joan of Arc, Saint: National Heroine and Patron Saint of France c.1412-1431

John Xxiii, Pope: (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli) Pope and Modern Reformer of the Roman Catholic Church 1881-1963

John Paul Ii, Pope: (Karol Wojtyla) Influential Roman Catholic Pope 1920-

Junayd, Abu Al- Qasim, Al-: Architect of the First Theoretical Foundations of Sufism c. 825-c. 910

Kant, Immanuel: Leading Enlightenment Philosopher 1724-1804

Kaplan, Mordecai Menahem: American-Jewish Theologian; Founder of Reconstructionist Judaism 1881-1983

Keynes, John Maynard: Influential Political Economist; Advocate of Government Intervention in Economic Affairs 1883-1946

Khaldun, Ibn: Originator of the Sociological Approach to History 1332-1406

Khomeini, Ruhollah: Influential Twentieth-Century Islamic Leader c.1900-1989

Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye: Influential Existentialist Philosopher 1813-1855

Kindi, Yaqub Ibn: Ishaq as-Sabah, al- Islamic Philosopher and Synthesizer of Greek Thought c.800-c.873

King, Martin Luther, Jr.: Preeminent Civil Rights Leader 1929-1968

Lao-Tzu: Founder of Taoism c. 570-490 B.C.E.

Lee, Ann (mother Ann): Founder and Spiritual Leader of the Shakers 1736-1784

Locke, John: Architect of Classical Political Liberalism 1632-1704

Luther, Martin: Principal Figure in the Protestant Reformation 1483-1546

Machiavelli,: Niccolò Founder of Modern Political Science 1469-1527

Madhva: Founder of Hindu School of Dvaita Vedanta c.1199-c.1278

Madison, James: Principal Architect of the United States Constitution 1751-1836

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Founder of Transcendental Meditation 1911 (?)--

Mahavira (vardhamana): Founder of Jainism c.599-c.527 B.C.E.

Macolm X: (Malcolm Little) Militant Black Activist; Minister of the Nation of Islam 1925-1965

Mani (manes; Manichaeus): Founder of Manichaeism 216-c. 274

Mann, Horace: Educational Philosopher and Reformer; Advocate of Free Public Schools 1796-1859

Marcion: Influential Early Christian Heretic 1st-2nd Century C.E.

Marcus Aurelius: Roman Emperor; Stoic "Philosopher-King" 121-180

Marx, Karl: Originator of Marxism 1818-1883

Mary: Mother of Jesus; Object of Catholic Veneration 1t Century B.C.E.-1t Century C.E.

Matta Ibn Yunus: Early Arabic Commentator on Aristotle d. 940

Melanchthon, Philipp: Humanist and Reformation Theologian; Author of Influential Lutheran Documents 1497-1560

Mencius (meng K'O): Confucian Moral Philosopher and Interpreter c. 371-c. 289 B.C.E.

Mill, John Stuart: Pioneer of Utilitarianism 1806-1873

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem De: Influential French Philosopher and Essayist 1533-1592

Montesquieu, Baron De La Brède Et De: (Charles Louis de Secondat) Originator of the Theory of the Separation of Powers 1689-1755

Montessori, Maria: Educational Philosopher; Originator of the Montessori Method 1870-1952

Moon, Sun Myung: Evangelist and Founder of the Unification Church 1920-

More, Sir Thomas, Saint: Author of Utopia; Defender of the Roman Catholic Faith 1477-1535

Moses: First Leader and Lawgiver of the Ancient Israelites c. 13th century B.C.E.

Moses Ben Maimon (maimonides): Medieval Jewish Philosopher; Codifier of Jewish Law 1135-1204

Muhammad: Prophet and Founder of Islam c. 570-632

Muhammad, Elijah: (Elijah Poole) Leader of the Nation of Islam 1897-1975

Nanak: Founder of Sikhism 1469-1539

Niebuhr, Reinhold: Political Theologian; Advocate of Christian Political Activism 1892-1971

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm: Influential Philosopher and Critic of Judeo-Christian Tradition 1844-1900

Origen: (Oregenes Adamantius) Synthesizer of Early Christian Theology c. 185-c. 255

Palmer, Phoebe Worrall: Founder of the Holiness Movement 1807-1874

Parham, Charles Fox: Founder of American Pentecostalism 1873-1929

Pascal, Blaise: Influential Mathematician, Theologian, and Philosopher of Science 1623-1662

Patañjali: Traditional Author of the Yoga-Sutras c. 220 B.C.E. to c. 400 C.E.

Patrick, Saint: Patron Saint and National Apostle of Ireland c. 390-c. 461

Paul (saul of Tarsus): Influential Early Christian Thinker and Missionary c. 5 B.C.E.--c. 64 C.E.

Peirce, Charles Sanders: Founder of Pragmatism 1839-1914

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich: Influential Educational Philosopher and Reformer 1746-1827

Philo Judaeus (philo of Alexandria): Hellenistic Interpreter of Jewish Law c. 20 B.C.E.-c. 50 C.E.

Piaget, Jean: Pioneer of Developmental Child Psychology 1896-1980

Plato: Influential Greek Philosopher c. 428-c. 347 B.C.E.

Pythagoras: Pre-Socratic Philosopher of Mathematical Realism c. 580-c. 500 B.C.E.

Rabi'Ah Al'Adawiyah: Architect of Sufi Asceticism c. 717-801

Ramakrishna: (Gadadhar Chatterji) Hindu Mystic Reformer c. 1835-1886

Ramanuja: Founder of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta c. 1017-1137 (traditionally)

Rauschenbusch, Walter: Leader of the Social Gospel Movement 1861-1918

Reid, Thomas: Founder of the Philosophical School of Common Sense 1710-1796

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: Political Philosopher; Developer of the Social Contract Theory 1712-1778

Roy, Ram Mohun: Reformer of Hinduism; Founder of Brahmo Samaj 1772-1833

Russell, Bertrand: Influential Twentieth-Century Philosopher; Founder of Logicism 1872-1970

Russell, Charles Taze: Founder of the Jehovah's Witnesses 1852-1916

Sartre, Jean-Paul: Preeminent Twentieth-Century Existentialist 1905-1980

Savonarola, Girolamo: Italian Church Reformer; Millenarian Prophet 1452-1498

Schneerson, Menachem Mendel: Head of the Habad-Lubavitch Sect of Hasidic Judaism 1902-1994

Schopenhauer, Arthur: Exponent of the Metaphysical Doctrine of the Will 1788-1860

Seton, Elizabeth Ann, Saint: First American-Born Saint; Founder of the Sisters of Charity 1774-1821

Shafi'I, Abu 'Abd Allah, Ash-: Preeminent Islamic Legal Scholar 767-820

Shang Yang: (Kung-sun Yang) Chinese Philosopher of Legalist School c. 390-338 B.C.E.

Shankara: Founder of Advaita Vedanta Hinduism c. 700-c. 750

Smith, Adam: Philosopher and Political Economist; Originator of Modern Liberal Economic Theory 1723-1790

Smith, Joseph: Founder of the Mormon Church 1805-1844

Socrates of Athens: First Greek Philosopher of the Western Tradition; Developer of Socratic Method c. 469-399 B.C.E.

Spinoza, Benedict De: First Philosophical Defender of Democracy 1632-1677

Stowe, Harriet Beecher: Prominent Abolition ist; Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin 1811-1896

Strong, Josiah: Promoter of the Social Gospel; Leader of the Ecumenical Movement 1847-1916

Teresa, Mother: (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu) Founder of the Order of the Missionary Sisters of Charity 1910-1997

Teresa of Ávila, Saint: Christian Mystic; Founder of the Order of Barefoot Carmelites 1515-1582

Thales of Miletus: Originator of the Foundations of Greek Philosophy and Science c. 624--c. 546 B.C.E.

Thomas Aquinas, Saint: Christian Theologian; Synthesizer of Faith and Reason c. 1224-1274

Thoreau, Henry David: Leading Transcendentalist Philosopher 1817-1862

Tillich, Paul: Theologian and Philosopher; Reconciler of Christian Thought with Modern Culture 1886-1965

Torquemada, Tomás De: First Grand Inquisitor of Spanish Inquisition 1420-1498

Tutu, Desmond: Anglican Archbishop of South Africa; Fighter Against Apartheid 1931-

Urban Ii, Pope: (Odo of Lagery) Initiator of the Crusades c. 1035-1099

Vivekananda: (Narendranath Datta or Dutt) Promoter of Hinduism in Western Society 1863-1902

Voltaire: (FraņE7ois-Marie Arouet) Leading Philosopher of the French Enlightenment 1694-1778

Washington, Booker Taliaferro: Influential Educator and Spokesperson for African Americans 1856-1915

Wesley, John: Anglican Clergyman; Founder of Methodism 1703-1791

White, Ellen Gould: Founder and Spiritual Leader of the Seventh-Day Adventists 1827-1915

Wise, Isaac Mayer: Founder of American Reform Judaism 1819-1900

Wittgenstein, Ludwig: Major Philosopher of the Twentieth Century 1889-1951

Wovoka: Native American Religious Leader; Leader of Ghost Dance Movement c.1856-1932

Wycliffe, John: English Church Reformer; Forerunner of the Protestant Reformation c. 1330-1384

Young, Brigham: Early Influential Mormon Leader 1801-1877

Zeno of Citium: Founder of Stoic Philosophy c. 335-c. 263 B.C.E.

Zoroaster (zarathustra) Founder of Zoroastrianism C. 1000 B.C.E.

Appendices, Bibliography, and Index

APPENDIX, ONE:: Highlights in the History of Philosophy and Religion

APPENDIX TWO:: Geographic Listing of Biographies

APPENDIX THREE:: Chronological Listing of Biographies

APPENDIX FOUR:: Alphabetical Listing of Biographies

Bibliography

Index
11 .

Biographical Dictionary of Christian Theologians ("Bernard of Clairvaux" begins on p. 68)
by Patrick W. Carey, Joseph T. Lienhard. 589 pgs.

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The last 20 centuries of Christian history have witnessed the emergence of numerous theological traditions. This reference provides alphabetically arranged entries for more than 450 Christian theologians. Included are entries for those individuals whose work was primarily in systematic and spiritual theology, or who were church historians chiefly concerned with theological matters. Whenever possible, each entry provides basic biographical information, a brief account of the theologian's education and career, and a summary of the person's most important contributions to theology. The entries end with bibliographies of primary and secondary sources, while the volume concludes with a selected, general bibliography.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Biographies

Selected Bibliography

Index

Contributors
12 .

Encyclopedia of Christian Theology, Vol. 1 ("Bernard of Clairvaux" begins on p. 196)
by Jean-Yves Lacoste. 601 pgs.

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The classic Dictionnaire Critique de Theologie (Nouvelle Edition), is now accessible to a wide English-speaking readership in need of an authoritative, incisive, and up-to-date ecumenical reference to this enduring field of study. This monumental set covers over 500 events, doctrines, individuals, theories, and schools of thought that comprise the study of the Christian religion across all of its denominations. The 250 contributors-all carefully selected specialists at the world's leading centers for religious scholarship-analyze both the essential building blocks of theology as well as its most complex aspects and concerns, making this work an invaluable resource for laypersons as well as university-level students and scholars at the highest levels.

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Title Page

Contents

Foreword

Introduction

Alphabetical List of Entries

Abbreviations

A

B

C

D

E

F

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