Walter Rauschenbusch

Rauschenbusch, Walter - rouˈshənboosh, 1861–1918, American clergyman, b. Rochester, N.Y. In 1886 he was ordained and began work among German immigrants as pastor of the Second German Baptist Church in New York City. He studied (1891–92) economics and theology at the Univ. of Berlin and industrial relations in England, where he became acquainted with the Fabian Society Read More...

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Walter Rauschenbusch

1 .

The Origins of Walter Rauschenbusch's Social Ethics
by Donovan E. Smucker. 173 pgs.

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The Origins of Walter Rauschenbusch's Social Ethics

Contents

Preface

Chapter One Introduction

Chapter Two Chronological Development

Chapter Three the Influence of Pietism

Chapter Four the Influence of Anabaptist Sectarianism

Chapter Five the Influence of Social and Religious Liberalism

Chapter Six the Influence of Christian Socialist Transformationism

Chapter Seven Summary and Conclusion

Appendix Rauschenbusch and Martin Luther King

Notes

Bibliography

Index
2 .

Christianizing the Social Order
by Walter Rauschenbusch. 506 pgs.

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CONTENTS

CHRISTIANIZING THE SOCIAL ORDER

Chapter II: THE RESPONSE OF THE CHURCHES

Chapter III: SOCIAL CONSERVATISM AND THE CHURCH

PART II: THE REVOLUTIONARY DESTINY OF CHRISTIANITY

Chapter II: THE SOCIAL CHRISTIANITY 0F JESUS

Chapter III: THE ECLIPSE OF THE SOCIAL IDEAL

Chapter IV: THE REBIRTH OF THE SOCIAL HOPE

Chapter V: A RELIGION FOR SOCIAL REDEMPTION

Chapter VI: SOCIAL CHRISTIANITY AND PERSONAL RELIGION

PART III: OUR SEMI-CHRISTIAN SOCIAL ORDER

Chapter II: THE CHRISTIANIZED SECTIONS OF OUR S0CIAL ORDER

Chapter III: OUR PRESENT ECONOMIC ORDER

Chapter IV: THE LAW OF TOOTH AND NAIL

Chapter V: THE LAST INTRENCHMENT OF AUTOCRACY

Chapter VI: THE REIGN OF THE MIDDLEMAN

Chapter VII: UNDER THE LAW OF PROFIT

PART IV: THE INVASION OF GOD'S COUNTRY

Chapter II: PROFIT VERSUS LIFE

Chapter III: COMMERCIALISM AND BEAUTY

Chapter IV: THE INSTITUTIONS OF LOVE AND THEIR DANGERS

Chapter V: Private Interests Against the Common Good

Chapter VI: THE TRAGEDY OF DIVES

Chapter VII: THE CASE OF CHRISTIANITY AGAINST CAPITALISM

PART V: THE DIRECTION OF PROGRESS

Chapter II: JUSTICE

Chapter III: PROPERTY AND A JOB AS MEANS OF GRACE

Chapter IV: ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY

Chapter V: THE ECONOMIC BASIS FOR FRATERNITY

Chapter VI: QUOD SEMPER, QUOD UBIQUE, QUOD AB OMNIBUS

Chapter VII: THE POWERS OF THE COMING AGE

PART VI: THE METHODS OF ADVANCE

Chapter II: THE CONSERVATION OF LIFE

Chapter III: THE SOCIALIZING OF PROPERTY

Chapter IV: COMMUNITY LIFE AND PUBLIC SPIRIT

Chapter V: THE RISE OF THE WORKING CLASS

Chapter VI: THE REVIVAL OF RELIGION AND THE CONVERSION OF THE STRONG

Index
3 .

A Theology for the Social Gospel
by Walter Rauschenbusch. 287 pgs.

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FOREWORD

CONTENTS

Chapter I: THE CHALLENGE OF THE SOCIAL GOSPEL TO THEOLOGY

Chapter II: THE DIFFICULTIES OF THEOLOGICAL READJUSTMENT

Chapter III: NEITHER ALIEN NOR NOVEL

Chapter IV: THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF SIN

Chapter V: THE FALL OF MAN

Chapter VI: THE NATURE OF SIN

Chapter VII: THE TRANSMISSION OF SIN

Chapter VIII: THE SUPER-PERSONAL FORCES OF EVIL

Chapter IX: THE KINGDOM OF EVIL

Chapter X: THE SOCIAL GOSPEL AND PERSONAL SALVATION

Chapter XI: THE SALVATION OF THE SUPER-PERSONAL FORCES

Chapter XII: THE CHURCH AS THE SOCIAL FACTOR OF SALVATION

Chapter XIII: THE KINGDOM OF GOD

Chapter XIV: THE INITIATOR OF THE KINGDOM OF GOD

Chapter XV: THE SOCIAL GOSPEL AND THE CONCEPTION OF GOD

Chapter XVI: THE HOLY SPIRIT, REVELATION, INSPIRATION, PROPHECY

Chapter XVII: BAPTISM AND THE LORD'S SUPPER

Chapter XVIII: ESCHATOLOGY

Chapter XIX: THE SOCIAL GOSPEL AND THE ATONEMENT
4 .

Christianity and the Social Crisis
by Walter Rauschenbusch. 429 pgs.

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Contents

Introduction

Chapter I: The Historical Roots of Christianity: the Hebrew Prophets

Chapter II: The Social Aims of Jesus

Chapter III The Social Impetus of Primitive Christianity

Chapter IV: Why Has Christianity Never Undertaken the Work Of Social Reconstruction?

Chapter V: The Present Crisis

Chapter VI: The Stake of the Church in the Social Movement

Chapter VII: What to Do

Index
5 .

The Character of God: Recovering the Lost Literary Power of American Protestantism (Chap. Nine "The Social Gospel and Its Critics: Walter Rauschenbusch, Reinhold Niebuhr, J. Gresham Machen")
by Thomas E. Jenkins. 280 pgs.

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Educated people have become bereft of sophisticated ways to develop their religious inclinations. A major reason for this is that theology has become vague and dull. In The Character of God, author Thomas E. Jenkins maintains that Protestant theology became boring by the late nineteenth century because the depictions of God as a character in theology became boring. He shows how in the early nineteenth century, American Protestant theologians downplayed biblical depictions of God's emotional complexity and refashioned his character according to their own notions, stressing emotional singularity. These notions came from many sources, but the major influences were the neoclassical and sentimental literary styles of characterization dominant at the time. The serene benevolence of neoclassicism and the tender sympathy of sentimentalism may have made God appealing in the mid-1800s, but by the end of the century, these styles had lost much of their cultural power and increasingly came to seem flat and vague. Despite this, both liberal and conservative theologians clung to these characterizations of God throughout the twentieth century. Jenkins argues that a way out of this impasse can be found in romanticism, the literary style of characterization that supplanted neoclassicism and sentimentalism and dominated American literary culture throughout the twentieth century. Romanticism emphasized emotional complexity and resonated with biblical depictions of God. A few maverick religious writers-- such as Harriet Beecher Stowe, W. G. T. Shedd, and Horace Bushnell--did devise emotionally complex characterizations of God and in some cases drew directly from romanticism. But their strange and sometimes shocking depictions of God were largely forgotten in the twentieth century. s use "theological" as a pejorative term, implying that an argument is needlessly Jenkins urges a reassessment of their work and a greaterin understanding of the relationship between theology and literature. Recovering the lost literary power of American Protestantism, he claims, will make the character of God more compelling and help modern readers appreciate the peculiar power of the biblical characterization of God.

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Acknowledgments

Contents

Chapter One Introduction Character Styles

Part One the Neoclassical and Sentimental God of the Nineteenth Century

Chapter Two the Problem of God's Anger

Chapter Three Serenity and Torment

Chapter Four Sympathy and Alienation

Part Two the Romantic God of the Nineteenth Century

Chapter Five Vitality and Anger

Chapter Six Love in the Trinity

Chapter Seven Desire and Disgust

Part Three the Vague God of the Twentieth Century

Chapter Eight Modernism and Literature

Chapter Nine the Social Gospel and Its Critics

Chapter Ten the Limitations of Political Theology

Chapter Eleven Prospects

Notes

Index
6 .

Personalities in Social Reform (Chap. II "The Minister as Social Reformer: Walter Rauschenbusch")
by G. Bromley Oxnam. 178 pgs.

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Books by G. Bromley Oxnam

Foreword

Table of Contents

Chapter I the Scholar As Social Reformer: Sidney and Beatrice Webb

Chapter II the Minister As Social Reformer: Walter Rauschenbusch

Chapter III the Administrator As Social Reformer: David E. Lilienthal

Chapter IV the Saint As Social Reformer: Mohandas K. Gandhi

Chapter V the Missionary As Social Reformer: Albert Schweitzer

Appendix
7 .

The Paradox of Progressive Thought (Chap. X "Walter Rauschenbusch: Prophet")
by David W. Noble. 272 pgs.

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The Paradox of Progressive Thought

Preface

Table of Contents

I a World Without History

Ii the Heavenly City of the New Republic

Iii Herbert Croly the Progressive Road to Political Utopia

Iv James Mark Baldwin the Social Psychology of the Natural Man

V Charles H. Cooley the Transcendentalism of Social Science

Vi F. H. Johnson and H. D. Lloyd Immanent God and Creative Man

Vii Richard T. Ely the Economist as Christian and Prophet

Viii Simon Patten the Economist as Biologist and Prophet

Ix Thorstein Veblen the Economist as Scientist and Prophet

X Walter Rauschenbusch Prophet

Xi the World as History

Notes

Index
8 .

The Great Campaigns: Reform and War in America, 1900-1928 (Chap. 4 "Walter Rauschenbusch: The Social Gospel")
by Otis L. Graham. 386 pgs.

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Prentice-Hall History Of The American People Series

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Part One Reform: 1900-1916

Part Two War: 1914-1918

Part Three Reform: 1917-1928

Bibliographic Essay

Documents

3 John Spargo The Bitter Cry of the Children

4 Walter Rauschenbusch The Social Gospel

6 Frederick W. Taylor Scientific Management

8 Louis D. Brandeis Social Insurance and Social Efficiency

9 Anti-Saloon League The Arguments Against Alcohol

10 National American Woman Suffrage Association Equality for Women

11 Edward M. House Philip Dru, Administrator

12 Theodore Roosevelt Annual Message, 1908

14 Woodrow Wilson A Review of Accomplishments, 1916

15 Woodrow Wilson Speech to the Grain Dealers' Association, 1916

Ii. War: 1914-1918

17 Woodrow Wilson Letter to Senator Stone, February 25, 1916

18 Woodrow Wilson 'Peace Without Victory' Speech, January 22, 1917

20 Randolph Bourne The War and the Intellectuals

21 George Record Letter to Woodrow Wilson, March 31, 1919

23 Progressive Party of 1924 Platform

24 Grace Abbott The Child and the State--The 1920s

Iii. Reform: 1917-1928

26 The Survey "Where Are the Pre-War Radicals?"

27 Mr. Dooley Reform--With a Grain of Salt

Index
9 .

The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism, 1865-1915 (Chap. XIII "Walter Rauschenbusch Formulates the Social Gospel")
by Charles Howard Hopkins. 352 pgs.

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Preface

Contents

The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism 1865-1915

Part I: 1865-1880 the Birth of Social Christianity

Introduction

Chapter I: Protestantism in the Gilded Age

Chapter II: Christianity and the Morals of Society

Part Ii: 1880-1890 the 'Eighties: a Youthful Movement

Introduction

Chapter III: The New Theology and the New Ethics

Chapter IV: The Church Challenges Socialism

Chapter V: Applying Christianity to the Labor Question

Chapter VI: The Kingdom of God and "Our Country"

Part Iii: 1890-1900 the Social Gospel Comes of Age

Introduction

Chapter VII: Evolution and the Kingdom

Chapter VIII: The Church Faces a New Age

Chapter IX: Social Problems in the Light of Christian Ethics

Chapter X: Christian Socialism

Chapter XI: George Davis Herron: Social Redemption Through Sacrifice

Part Iv: 1900-1915 Maturity and Recognition

Introduction

Chapter XII: The Discovery of the Social Teachings of Jesus

Chapter XIII: Walter Rauschenbusch Formulatfis the Social Gospel

Chapter XIV: The Christian Socialist Fellowship

Chapter XV: Problems of the New Century

Chapter XVI: Sociology in the Service of Religion

Chapter XVII: Social Christianity Becomes Official

Chapter XVIII: The Churches Federate for Social Action

Conclusion

Index
10 .

Christian Ethics and Political Economy in North America: A Critical Analysis ("The Theology of the Social Gospel: Walter Rauschenbusch" begins on p. 22)
by P. Travis Kroeker. 201 pgs.

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Christian Ethics and Political Economy in North America

Christian Ethics and Political Economy in North America: A Critical Analysis

Contents

Preface

1: Introduction

2: The Cooperative Commonwealth and the Kingdom of God: The Social Gospel Quest for a Public Morality

3: Christian Realism: Reinhold Niebuhr and the Fellowship for a Christian Social Order

4: Human Dignity and Labour: The Catholic Bishops and Economic Policy

5: Conclusion: Toward a Moral Theology of Creation

Notes

Bibliography

Index
11 .

Deity and Domination: Images of God and the State in the Nineteenth and the Twentieth Centuries ("Walter Rauschenbusch and the Social Gospel" begins on p. 150)
by David Nicholls. 321 pgs.

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This book explores the relations between Christianity and politics, examines the analogy between divine and civil government and considers what images of God may legitimately be employed by Christians in the twentieth century.

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Contents

Preface

1: Introduction

2: Welfare God and Paternal State I

3: Welfare God and Paternal State II

4: No King but Caesar: Sovereign God and Total State

5: Federal Politics and Finite God: Images of God in United States Theology

6: Impassible God and Autarkic State

7: Atheists and Anarchists

8: Conclusion

Notes

Bibliography

Index
12 .

Philosophers and Religious Leaders ("Rauschenbusch, Walter: Leader of the Social Gospel Movement 1861-1918" begins on p. 161)
by Christian D. Von Dehsen. 248 pgs.

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How did Elijah Muhammad's establishment of the Nation of Islam affect the civil rights movement in the United States? Philosophers and Religious Leaders answers that question and others as it presents 200 leaders whose lives and work have greatly influenced the world we live in today. Profiles include: Muhammad Abduh--architect of Islamic modernism. Mary Daly-- influential feminist theologian and philosopher. Mary Baker Eddy--founder of Christian Science. Mencius (Meng K'o)--Confucian moral philosopher and interpreter. Shang Yang--Chinese philosopher of legalist school.

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Table of Contents

Introduction

'Abduh, Muhammad: Architect of Islamic Modernism 1849-1905

Abelard, Peter: Theologian and Philosopher; Proponent of the Modern University 1079-1142

Abraham: First Biblical Patriarch c. 2000-1500 B.C.E.

Afghani, Jamal Ad- Din, Al-: Influential Twentieth-Century Pan-Islamist c. 1838-1897

Akhenaton: (Amenhotep IV) Egyptian Pharaoh; Advocate of Monolatry Reigned c. 1367-1350 B.C.E.

Akiba Ben Joseph: Early Interpreter of Jewish Law c. 40-.135

Anaximander: Philosopher-Scientist; Early Developer of Cosmological Theory c. 611-c. 547 B.C.E.

Anselm of Canterbury, Saint: Archbishop of Canterbury; Father of Scholasticism c.1033-1109

'Arabi, Ibn Al-: Master of Islamic Sufi Mysticism 1165-1240

Arendt, Hannah: Philosopher of Totalitarianism 1906-1975

Aristotle: Influential Greek Philosopher; Opponent of Platonic Concept of Forms 384-322 B.C.E.

Arjun: Fifth Sikh Guru; Compiler of the Adi Granth 1563-1606

Athanasius, Saint: Egyptian Bishop and Theologian; Developer of the New Testament Canon c. 293-373

Augustine of Hippo, Saint: Seminal Christian Theologian 354-430

Aurobindo Ghose: (Sri Aurobindo) Founder of Integral Yoga 1872-1950

Averroës: (Ibn Rushd) Islamic Theologian; Interpreter of Aristotle and Plato 1126-1198

Avicenna: (Ibn Sina) Islamic Philosopher; Synthesizer of Greek Thought 980-1037

Bacon, Francis: Philosopher of Science; Originator of Inductive Method of Scientific Inquiry 1561-1626

Baha' Allah: (Mirza Hoseyn Ali Nuri) Founder of Bahai Religion 1817-1892

Bakunin, Mikhail: Russian Revolutionary; Founder of Modern Anarchy 1814-1876

Barth, Karl: Christian Theologian and Originator of Neo-Orthodoxy; Active Opponent of Hitler 1886-1968

Benedict of Nursia, Saint: Founder of Basic Structure of Western Monasticism c. 480-547

Bentham, Jeremy: English Jurist and Philosopher; Expounder of Utilitarianism 1748-1832

Berkeley, George: Founder of Idealism 1685-1753

Bernadette of Lourdes, Saint (marie Bernarde Soubirous): Roman Catholic Visionary 1844-1879

Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint: Defender of Christianity Against Rationalism 1090-1153

Bihbihani, Aka Sayyid Muhammad Bakir: Influential Shiite Legal Scholar c. 1705-c. 1792

Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna: Founder of the Theosophical Movement 1831-1891

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus: Influential Medieval Philosopher; Architect of Scholasticism c. 480-c. 524

Boff, Leonardo: Influential Liberation Theologian 1938-

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich: German Theologian; Influential Nazi Resister 1900-1945

Buber, Martin: Religious Philosopher; Developer of Jewish Existentialism 1878-1965

Buddha: (Siddhartha Gautama) Founder of Buddhism c. 600-c. 400 B.C.E.

Bushnell, Horace: Protestant Theologian; Father of American Religious Liberalism 1802-1876

Calvin, John: Theologian; Leading Protestant Reformer 1509-1564

Channing, William Ellery: Early Unitarian Church Leader 1780-1842

Columba, Saint: Founder of the Influential Christian Community at Iona 521-597

Comte, Auguste: Founder of Sociology 1798-1857

Cone, James Hal: Architect of Black Liberation Theology 1938-

Confucius (k'Ung Ch'Iu): Chinese Philosopher; Founder of Confucianism 551-479 B.C.E.

Cranmer, Thomas: Leader of the English Reformation 1489-1556

Cyril of Alexandria, Saint: Architect of Early Christian Christology c. 375-444

Dalai Lama (tenzin Gyatso): Spiritual Leader of Tibetan Buddhism 1935-

Daly, Mary: Influential Feminist Theologian and Philosopher 1928-

David: Important Biblical Figure; Founder of Jerusalem Tenth Century B.C.E.

Derrida, Jacques: Postmodern French Philosopher; Proponent of Deconstructionism 1930-

Descartes, René: Originator of the Framework of Modern Philosophy 1596-1650

Dewey, John: Father of Progressive Education 1859-1952

Diderot, Denis: Encyclopedist and Major Philosopher of the French Enlightenment 1713-1784

Du Bois, W. E. B.: Black Nationalist Leader; Founder of the NAACP 1868-1963

Durkheim, Émile: Founder of Modern Methods of Sociology 1858-1917

Eddy, Mary Baker: Founder of Christian Science 1821-1910

Einhorn, David: Theologian of Reform Judaism 1809-1879

Elijah: Hebrew Prophet; Monotheist c. 9th Century B.C.E.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo: Pioneer of Transcendentalism 1803-1882

Epictetus: Influential Stoic Philosopher c. 50-c. 135

Epicurus: Founder of Epicurean School of Philosophy 341-270 B.C.E.

Erasmus, Desiderius: Humanist Theologian and Scholar; Christian Proponent of Free Will c.1469-1536

Farabi, Al-: First Theologian to Relate Islamic Theology to Greek Philosophy c. 878-c. 950

Fatimah Bint Muhammad: Daughter of Muhammad; Matriarch of the Shiite Sect c. 610-633

Fa-Tsang: Systematizer of Huayan School of Chinese Buddhism 643-712

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: Philosopher of Transcendental Idealism 1762-1814

Fortune, Dion: Founder of the Society of the Inner Light 1890-1946

Foucault, Michel: Wide-ranging Twentieth-Century Philosopher 1926-1984

Fox, George: Founder of the Quakers 1624-1691

Francis of Assisi, Saint: Founder of the Franciscan Order of Friars c. 1181-1226

Gadamer, Hans-Georg: Philosopher of Hermeneutics 1900-

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (mahatma): Father of Indian Independence; Leading Advocate of Nonviolent Protest 1869-1948

Garrison, William Lloyd: Leader of Abolitionist Movement 1805-1879

Garvey, Marcus: Founder and Leader of the Black Nationalist Movement 1887-1940

Ghazali, Al-: Influential Islamic Theologian and Mystic 1058-1111

Gladden, Solomon Washington: Protestant Leader of Social Gospel Movement 1836-1918

Gobind Singh: Founder of Khalsa Sect of Sikhism 1666-1708

Gregory I, Pope: Early Pope and Church Reformer c. 540-604

Gutiérrez, Gustavo: Originator of Latin American Liberation Theology 1928-

Hallaj, Al: Founder of the Sufi Halladjiyya Sect c. 858-922

Han-Fei-Tzu: Major Scholar of Chinese Legalist School c. 280-c. 233 B.C.E.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: Pioneer of Dialectical Historical Method 1770-1831

Heidegger, Martin: Influential Twentieth-Century Existential Philosopher 1889-1976

Herodotus: Father of European History c. 484--c. 425 B.C.E.

Heschel, Abraham Joshua: Influential Jewish Theologian and Social Activist 1907-1972

Hildegard Von Bingen, Saint: Major Figure in Medieval Mystical Tradition 1098-1179

Hsün-Tzu: Influential Confucian Moral Philosopher c. 300--c. 230 B.C.E.

Hubbard, L. Ron: Founder of the Church of Scientology 1911-1986

Hume, David: Major Enlightenment Philosopher; Critic of Empiricism 1711-1776

Hus, Jan: Czech Reformer of the Christian Church 1372-1415

Husserl, Edmund: Philosopher and Founder of Phenomenology 1859-1938

Ignatius of Loyola, Saint: Founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 1491-1556

Israel Ben Eliezer: (Ba'al Shem Tov) Founder of the Jewish Hasidic Movement c. 1700-1760

James, William: Preeminent American Psychologist; Philosophical Pragmatist 1842-1910

Jefferson, Thomas: Principal Author of the U.S. Declaration of Independence 1743-1826

Jeremiah: Biblical Prophet Influential in Diaspora Judaism c. 645--c. 570 B.C.E.

Jerome, Saint: Christian Theologian; Translator of the Bible into Latin c. 347-419/20

Jesus: Teacher, Healer, and Savior of the Christian Tradition c. 4 B.C.E.--c. 30 C.E.

Joan of Arc, Saint: National Heroine and Patron Saint of France c.1412-1431

John Xxiii, Pope: (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli) Pope and Modern Reformer of the Roman Catholic Church 1881-1963

John Paul Ii, Pope: (Karol Wojtyla) Influential Roman Catholic Pope 1920-

Junayd, Abu Al- Qasim, Al-: Architect of the First Theoretical Foundations of Sufism c. 825-c. 910

Kant, Immanuel: Leading Enlightenment Philosopher 1724-1804

Kaplan, Mordecai Menahem: American-Jewish Theologian; Founder of Reconstructionist Judaism 1881-1983

Keynes, John Maynard: Influential Political Economist; Advocate of Government Intervention in Economic Affairs 1883-1946

Khaldun, Ibn: Originator of the Sociological Approach to History 1332-1406

Khomeini, Ruhollah: Influential Twentieth-Century Islamic Leader c.1900-1989

Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye: Influential Existentialist Philosopher 1813-1855

Kindi, Yaqub Ibn: Ishaq as-Sabah, al- Islamic Philosopher and Synthesizer of Greek Thought c.800-c.873

King, Martin Luther, Jr.: Preeminent Civil Rights Leader 1929-1968

Lao-Tzu: Founder of Taoism c. 570-490 B.C.E.

Lee, Ann (mother Ann): Founder and Spiritual Leader of the Shakers 1736-1784

Locke, John: Architect of Classical Political Liberalism 1632-1704

Luther, Martin: Principal Figure in the Protestant Reformation 1483-1546

Machiavelli,: Niccolò Founder of Modern Political Science 1469-1527

Madhva: Founder of Hindu School of Dvaita Vedanta c.1199-c.1278

Madison, James: Principal Architect of the United States Constitution 1751-1836

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Founder of Transcendental Meditation 1911 (?)--

Mahavira (vardhamana): Founder of Jainism c.599-c.527 B.C.E.

Macolm X: (Malcolm Little) Militant Black Activist; Minister of the Nation of Islam 1925-1965

Mani (manes; Manichaeus): Founder of Manichaeism 216-c. 274

Mann, Horace: Educational Philosopher and Reformer; Advocate of Free Public Schools 1796-1859

Marcion: Influential Early Christian Heretic 1st-2nd Century C.E.

Marcus Aurelius: Roman Emperor; Stoic "Philosopher-King" 121-180

Marx, Karl: Originator of Marxism 1818-1883

Mary: Mother of Jesus; Object of Catholic Veneration 1t Century B.C.E.-1t Century C.E.

Matta Ibn Yunus: Early Arabic Commentator on Aristotle d. 940

Melanchthon, Philipp: Humanist and Reformation Theologian; Author of Influential Lutheran Documents 1497-1560

Mencius (meng K'O): Confucian Moral Philosopher and Interpreter c. 371-c. 289 B.C.E.

Mill, John Stuart: Pioneer of Utilitarianism 1806-1873

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem De: Influential French Philosopher and Essayist 1533-1592

Montesquieu, Baron De La Brède Et De: (Charles Louis de Secondat) Originator of the Theory of the Separation of Powers 1689-1755

Montessori, Maria: Educational Philosopher; Originator of the Montessori Method 1870-1952

Moon, Sun Myung: Evangelist and Founder of the Unification Church 1920-

More, Sir Thomas, Saint: Author of Utopia; Defender of the Roman Catholic Faith 1477-1535

Moses: First Leader and Lawgiver of the Ancient Israelites c. 13th century B.C.E.

Moses Ben Maimon (maimonides): Medieval Jewish Philosopher; Codifier of Jewish Law 1135-1204

Muhammad: Prophet and Founder of Islam c. 570-632

Muhammad, Elijah: (Elijah Poole) Leader of the Nation of Islam 1897-1975

Nanak: Founder of Sikhism 1469-1539

Niebuhr, Reinhold: Political Theologian; Advocate of Christian Political Activism 1892-1971

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm: Influential Philosopher and Critic of Judeo-Christian Tradition 1844-1900

Origen: (Oregenes Adamantius) Synthesizer of Early Christian Theology c. 185-c. 255

Palmer, Phoebe Worrall: Founder of the Holiness Movement 1807-1874

Parham, Charles Fox: Founder of American Pentecostalism 1873-1929

Pascal, Blaise: Influential Mathematician, Theologian, and Philosopher of Science 1623-1662

Patañjali: Traditional Author of the Yoga-Sutras c. 220 B.C.E. to c. 400 C.E.

Patrick, Saint: Patron Saint and National Apostle of Ireland c. 390-c. 461

Paul (saul of Tarsus): Influential Early Christian Thinker and Missionary c. 5 B.C.E.--c. 64 C.E.

Peirce, Charles Sanders: Founder of Pragmatism 1839-1914

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich: Influential Educational Philosopher and Reformer 1746-1827

Philo Judaeus (philo of Alexandria): Hellenistic Interpreter of Jewish Law c. 20 B.C.E.-c. 50 C.E.

Piaget, Jean: Pioneer of Developmental Child Psychology 1896-1980

Plato: Influential Greek Philosopher c. 428-c. 347 B.C.E.

Pythagoras: Pre-Socratic Philosopher of Mathematical Realism c. 580-c. 500 B.C.E.

Rabi'Ah Al'Adawiyah: Architect of Sufi Asceticism c. 717-801

Ramakrishna: (Gadadhar Chatterji) Hindu Mystic Reformer c. 1835-1886

Ramanuja: Founder of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta c. 1017-1137 (traditionally)

Rauschenbusch, Walter: Leader of the Social Gospel Movement 1861-1918

Reid, Thomas: Founder of the Philosophical School of Common Sense 1710-1796

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: Political Philosopher; Developer of the Social Contract Theory 1712-1778

Roy, Ram Mohun: Reformer of Hinduism; Founder of Brahmo Samaj 1772-1833

Russell, Bertrand: Influential Twentieth-Century Philosopher; Founder of Logicism 1872-1970

Russell, Charles Taze: Founder of the Jehovah's Witnesses 1852-1916

Sartre, Jean-Paul: Preeminent Twentieth-Century Existentialist 1905-1980

Savonarola, Girolamo: Italian Church Reformer; Millenarian Prophet 1452-1498

Schneerson, Menachem Mendel: Head of the Habad-Lubavitch Sect of Hasidic Judaism 1902-1994

Schopenhauer, Arthur: Exponent of the Metaphysical Doctrine of the Will 1788-1860

Seton, Elizabeth Ann, Saint: First American-Born Saint; Founder of the Sisters of Charity 1774-1821

Shafi'I, Abu 'Abd Allah, Ash-: Preeminent Islamic Legal Scholar 767-820

Shang Yang: (Kung-sun Yang) Chinese Philosopher of Legalist School c. 390-338 B.C.E.

Shankara: Founder of Advaita Vedanta Hinduism c. 700-c. 750

Smith, Adam: Philosopher and Political Economist; Originator of Modern Liberal Economic Theory 1723-1790

Smith, Joseph: Founder of the Mormon Church 1805-1844

Socrates of Athens: First Greek Philosopher of the Western Tradition; Developer of Socratic Method c. 469-399 B.C.E.

Spinoza, Benedict De: First Philosophical Defender of Democracy 1632-1677

Stowe, Harriet Beecher: Prominent Abolition ist; Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin 1811-1896

Strong, Josiah: Promoter of the Social Gospel; Leader of the Ecumenical Movement 1847-1916

Teresa, Mother: (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu) Founder of the Order of the Missionary Sisters of Charity 1910-1997

Teresa of Ávila, Saint: Christian Mystic; Founder of the Order of Barefoot Carmelites 1515-1582

Thales of Miletus: Originator of the Foundations of Greek Philosophy and Science c. 624--c. 546 B.C.E.

Thomas Aquinas, Saint: Christian Theologian; Synthesizer of Faith and Reason c. 1224-1274

Thoreau, Henry David: Leading Transcendentalist Philosopher 1817-1862

Tillich, Paul: Theologian and Philosopher; Reconciler of Christian Thought with Modern Culture 1886-1965

Torquemada, Tomás De: First Grand Inquisitor of Spanish Inquisition 1420-1498

Tutu, Desmond: Anglican Archbishop of South Africa; Fighter Against Apartheid 1931-

Urban Ii, Pope: (Odo of Lagery) Initiator of the Crusades c. 1035-1099

Vivekananda: (Narendranath Datta or Dutt) Promoter of Hinduism in Western Society 1863-1902

Voltaire: (FraņE7ois-Marie Arouet) Leading Philosopher of the French Enlightenment 1694-1778

Washington, Booker Taliaferro: Influential Educator and Spokesperson for African Americans 1856-1915

Wesley, John: Anglican Clergyman; Founder of Methodism 1703-1791

White, Ellen Gould: Founder and Spiritual Leader of the Seventh-Day Adventists 1827-1915

Wise, Isaac Mayer: Founder of American Reform Judaism 1819-1900

Wittgenstein, Ludwig: Major Philosopher of the Twentieth Century 1889-1951

Wovoka: Native American Religious Leader; Leader of Ghost Dance Movement c.1856-1932

Wycliffe, John: English Church Reformer; Forerunner of the Protestant Reformation c. 1330-1384

Young, Brigham: Early Influential Mormon Leader 1801-1877

Zeno of Citium: Founder of Stoic Philosophy c. 335-c. 263 B.C.E.

Zoroaster (zarathustra) Founder of Zoroastrianism C. 1000 B.C.E.

Appendices, Bibliography, and Index

APPENDIX, ONE:: Highlights in the History of Philosophy and Religion

APPENDIX TWO:: Geographic Listing of Biographies

APPENDIX THREE:: Chronological Listing of Biographies

APPENDIX FOUR:: Alphabetical Listing of Biographies

Bibliography

Index

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