Natural Language Processing (in Computing)

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Natural Language Processing (in Computing)

1 .

Generating Natural Language Descriptions with Integrated Text and Examples
by Vibhu O. Mittal. 262 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

List of Figures

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Related Work

Chapter 3 Issues in the Integration of Text and Examples

3.9 Summary

Chapter 4 a Categorization of Example Types

Chapter 5 the System Implementation

Chapter 6 Generating Descriptions

Chapter 7 Negative Examples and Their Effect on Explanations

Chapter 8 the Effect of the Text Type on Descriptions

Chapter 9 Evaluation

Chapter 10 Conclusions

Bibliography

Appendix A Some Descriptions of A List

Appendix B the Heuristics Used in the System

Appendix C Possible Extensions: A Knowledge Base Interface

Appendix D Sample Descriptions in Lisp Planned by the System

Author Index

Subject Index
2 .

Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing
by Yorick Wilks. 244 pgs.

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Title Page

Table of Contents

Introduction

Some Helpful Acronym

The Questions to the Panels

Chapter 1 Words & World Representations

Chapter 1 the World of Words

Chapter 1.2 the Definitional Power of Words

Chapter 1.3 Words and Worlds

Chapter 1.4 World Knowledge and Word Meaning

Chapter 1.5 the Boundary Between Word Knowledge and World Knowledge

Chapter 2 Unification & the New Grammatism

Chapter 2.1 Comit ==〉* Patr II

Notes

Chapter 2.2 Unification and the New Grammatism

Chapter 2.3 Unification and Some New Grammatical Formalisms

Chapter 2.4 Discussion: Unification & the New Grammatism

Chapter 3 Connectionist & Other Parallel Approaches to Natural Language Processing

Prologue

Chapter 3.1 Connectionist Models: Not Just a Notational Variant, Not a Panacea

Chapter 3.2 Toward Connectionist Semantics

Notes

Conclusion

Chapter 3.3 Connectionism and Explanation

Chapter 3.4 Parallel Distributed Processing and Role Assignment Constraints

Chapter 3.5 Possible Implications of Connectionism

Chapter 3.6 Discussion: Connectionist and Other Parallel Approaches to Natural Language Processing

Chapter 4 Discourse Theory, Goals, & Speech Acts

Chapter 4.1 Towards a Semantic Theory of Discourse

Chapter 4.2 Some Complexities of Goal Analysis

Chapter 5 Why Has Theoretical Nlp Made So Little Progress?

Chapter 5.1 the Rate of Progress in Natural Language Processing

Chapter 5.2 Let's Put the Ai Back in Nlp

Chapter 6 Formal Versus Common Sense Semantics

Chapter 6.1 on Formal Versus Commonsense Semantics

Notes

Chapter 6.2 on Keeping Logic in Its Place

Chapter 6.3 They Say It's a New Sort of Engine: but the Sump's Still There

Chapter 6.4 Discussion Formal Versus Common Sense Semantics

Chapter 7 Reference: the Interaction of Language & the World

Chapter 7.1 Reference and Pragmatic Identification

Conclusion

Chapter 7.2 Determiners, Entities, and Contexts

Chapter 7.3 Goals of Referring Acts

Chapter 7.4 Reference and Reference Failures

Chapter 8 Metaphor

Chapter 8.1 Viewing Metaphor as Analogy: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly1

Notes

Chapter 8.2 the Role of Metaphors in Descriptions of Emotions

Chapter 8.3 Mental Models and Metaphor

Chapter 9 Natural Language Generation

Chapter 9.1 Generation -- a New Frontier of Natural Language Processing?

Chapter 9.2 No Better, but No Worse, Than People

Chapter 9.3 Bidirectional Grammars and the Design of Natural Language Generation Systems

References

Subject Index

Author Index
3 .

Natural Language and the Computer
by Paul L. Garvin. 402 pgs.

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Title Page

The Authors

Acknowledgments

Preface

Contents

1: Three Linguistic Models of Language

The Definitional Model of Language

The Transformational Model of Generative or Predictive Grammar

The Informational Model of Language: Analog and Digital Coding in Animal and Human Communication

2: Mathematics and Computation

On the Use Of Mathemtics in Behavioral Research

Computer Languages

Programming for Natural Language

3: Language-Data Processing

A Linguist's View of Language-Data Processing

A Logician's View of Language-Data Processing

A Statistician's View of Linguistic Models and Language-Data Processing

4: Machine Translation

Research Procedures in Machine Translation

Dictionary Problems in Machine Translation

Syntax In Machine Translation

Programming Aspects of Machine Translation

5: Information Retrieval

The Formulation of the Retrieval Problem

Mathematical Models for Information Retrieval

Analytic Information Retrieval

6: Overview

Linguistics, Data Processing, and Mathematics

Glossary

Selected References

Name Index

Subject Index
4 .

In Plain English, Please; Communicating with Computers Using Natural Language Processing, in Journal of Accountancy
by Karl G. King, Raymond W. Elliott. 5 pgs.

Journal Article

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5 .

Inside Computer Understanding: Five Programs Plus Miniatures (discussion of natural language processing in computing begins on p. 2)
by Roger C. Schank, Christopher K. Riesbeck. 386 pgs.

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Presents a subset of the LISP programming language. For the cognitive scientist who is interested in learning how computer programs model theories of reasoning & understanding.

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Contents

Preface

1: Our Approach to Artificial Intelligence

2: The Theory Behind the Programs: Conceptual Dependency

3: The Theory Behind the Programs: a Theory of Context

4: Lisp

5: Sam

6: Micro Sam

7: Pam

8: Micro Pam

9: Tale-Spin

10: Micro Tale-Spin

11: Politics

12: Micro Politics

13: Conceptual Analysis of Natural Language

14: Micro Eli

Bibliography

Author Index
6 .

Text-Based Intelligent Systems: Current Research and Practice in Information Extraction and Retrieval ("Mixed-Depth Representations for Natural Language Text" begins on p. 59)
by Paul S. Jacobs. 290 pgs.

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Contents

Preface

Introduction: Text Power and Intelligent Systems

Bibliography

Abstract

Part I Broad-Scale NLP

Robust Processing of Real-World Natural-Language Texts

Introduction

Abstract

Conclusion

Bibliography

Acknowledgments

Combining Weak Methods in Large-Scale Text Processing

Conclusion

Bibliography

Mixed-Depth Representations for Natural Language Text

Acknowledgments

Conclusion

Bibliography

Robust Partial-Parsing Through Incremental, Multi-Algorithm Processing*

Introduction

Bibliography

Abstract

Corpus-Based Thematic Analysis

Conclusions

Bibliography

Part II "Traditional" Information Retrieval

Introduction

Text Retrieval and Inference

Abstract

Bibliography

Assumptions and Issues in Text-Based Retrieval

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Text Representation for Intelligent Text Retrieval: A Classification-Oriented VIew

Introduction

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

Abstract

Automatic Text Structuring Experiments

Part III Emerging Applications

Statistical Methods, Artificial Intelligence, and Information Retrieval

Introduction

Bibliography

Intelligent High-Volume Text Processing Using Shallow, Domain-Specific Techniques

Abstract

Conclusion

Bibliography

Automatically Constructing Simple Help Systems from Natural Language Documentation

Abstract

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Abstract

Direction-Based Text Interpretation as An Information Access Refinement

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

Index
7 .

Automating the Lexicon: Research and Practice in a Multilingual Environment
by Donald E. Walker, Antonio Zampolli, Nicoletta Calzolari. 413 pgs.

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Computational lexicography is a fast-growing field with implications for a wide range of disciplines--theoretical linguistics, computational linguistics, cognitive science and artificial intelligence--as well as for the construction of dictionaries. These papers provide a baseline and a reference point for further research on problems associated with the lexicon. Based on the groundbreaking Grosetto Workshop, the collection addresses many issues that are still debated today and that guide current research and development.

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Title Page

We Wish to Dedicate This Book to Don Walker. . . .

Contents

List of Contributors

1: Introduction

2: Identifying the Linguistic Foundations for Lexical Research and Dictionary Design Richard Hudson

3: Approaches to Lexical Semantic Representation

4: Lexical Information for Parsing Systems: Points of Convergence and Divergence

5: The Lexicon in Text Generation

6: Dictionary Systems for Office Practice

7: The Role of Dictionaries and Machine-Readable Lexicons

8: Machine-Readable Dictionaries and Education

9: Why Use Words to Label Ideas: the Uses of Dictionaries and Thesauri in Information Retrieval

10: Machine-Readable Dictionaries and Computational Linguistics Research

11: Structure and Access in an Automated Lexicon and Related Issues

12: Automated Lexical Resources in Europe: a Survey

Index
8 .

Lexical Acquisition: Exploiting On-Line Resources to Build a Lexicon ("Text Processing: What Computers Can Do" begins on p. 31)
by Uri Zernik. 430 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

1. Introduction

1.1 Introduction: a Lexical Bottleneck

1.5 Conclusions

Bibliography

Part I Lexical Senses

2. Making Sense of Lexical Acquisition

2.1 Introduction

2.6 Conclusion

2.5 Summary

Bibliography

3.1 Introduction

3. Lexical Acquisition and Information Retrieval

3.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

4.1 Introduction

4. Using Context for Sense Preference

4.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Bibliography

5. Train1 Vs. Train2: Tagging Word Senses in Corpus: Uri Zernik Artificial Intelligence Laboratory General Electric - Research and Development Center

Part II Lexical Statistics

6. Using Statistics in Lexical Analysis

6.5 Conclusion

Bibliography

7. Macrocoding the Lexicon with Co-Occurrence Knowledge

7.6 Summary and Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

8. Lexical Databases and Textual Corpora: Perspectives of Integration for a Lexical Knowledge Base

Part III Lexical Representation

9. Wordnet: a Lexical Database Organized on Psycholinguistic Principles

9.1 Introduction

10. Admitting Impediments

10.5 Conclusion

Bibliography

11. Conceptual Basis of the Lexicon in Machine Translation

11.9 Summary

Bibliography

12. Lexical Acquisition Through Symbol Recirculation in Distributed Connectionist Networks

12.5 Conclusions

Bibliography

Part IV Lexical Semantics

13. Acquiring a Semantic Lexicon for Natural Language Processing

13.4 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

14. Lexicons for Broad Coverage Semantics

Bibliography

14.5 Acknowledgments

15. Representing and Acquiring Metaphor-Based Polysemy

15.1 Introduction

Authors

Index
9 .

Time-Constrained Memory: A Reader-Based Approach to Text Comprehension (discussion of natural language processing in computing begins on p. 101)
by Jean-Pierre Corriveau. 408 pgs.

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Contents

Foreword

Preface

Part I: Foundations

Chapter 1: Overview

Chapter 2: Models of Understanding

Part II: Design

Chapter 3: Designing a Grounded Architecture

Chapter 4: Modeling Time-Constrained Memory

Chapter: A Prototype of Idiot

Part III: Linguistic Comprehension with Idiot

Chapter 6: On Linguistic Comprehension

Chapter 7: On Grammar and Syntax

Chapter 8: Reference Resolution

Chapter 9: Word Sense Disambiguation

Chapter 10: Structural Disambiguation

Chapter 11: Bridging Inferences

Part IV: Conclusions

Chapter 12: Some Last Thoughts

References

Author Index

Subject Index
10 .

Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing (discussion of natural language processing in computing begins on p. 19)
by Ralph Grishman, Richard Kittredge. 248 pgs.

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Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

INTRODUCTION

1: Sublanguage: Linguistic Phenomenon, Computational Tool

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

2: Sublanguage Analysis

ABSTRACT

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

3: The Status of Telegraphic Sublanguages

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

4: Sublanguage and Knowledge

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

5: The Use of Machine-Readable Dictionaries in Sublanguage Analysis

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

6: Automatic Structuring of Sublanguage Information

ABSTRACT

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

7: General Semantic Patterns in Different Sublanguages

INTRODUCTION

APPENDIX 7.1: SEMANTIC PATTERNS IN THE EQUIPMENT FAILURE SUBLANGUAGE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CONCLUSIONS

APPENDIX 7.1: SEMANTIC PATTERNS IN THE EQUIPMENT FAILURE SUBLANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION

8: A Sublanguage for Reporting and Analysis of Space Events

REFERENCES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

9: Constraining the Interpretation of Nominal Compounds in a Limited Context

INTRODUCTION

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

10: The Role of Syntax in the Sublanguage of Medical Diagnostic Statements

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

11: How One Might Automatically Identify and Adapt to a Sublanguage: An Initial Exploration

ABSTRACT

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

12: Discovering Sublanguage Structures

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Author Index

Subject Index
11 .

Strategies for Natural Language Processing
by Wendy G. Lehnert, Martin H. Ringle. 533 pgs.

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Includes material for psychologists, linguists, philosophers, & artificial intelligence researchers.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Abstracts

I: Introduction

1: The State of the Art In Natural-Language Understanding

Acknowledgments

References

II: Implementation Issues

2: Realistic Language Comprehension

References

3: Natural Communication Between Person and Computer

References

Acknowledgments

4: Parsing and Comprehending With Word Experts (a Theory And Its Realization)

Acknowledgments

References

5: An Overview of the Frump System

Acknowledgments

References

6: A Framework for Conceptual Analyzers

References

III: Conversation And Discourse

7: Conversation Failure

References

8: Towards an Understanding Of Coherence in Discourse

Acknowledgments

References

9: Beyond Question Answering

References

Acknowledgments

10: Adversary Arguments and The Logic of Personal Attacks

Acknowledgments

References

IV: Knowledge Representation

11: Inference and Learning In Computer Model of The Development of Language Comprehension in a Young Child

Acknowledgments

References

12: Inferring Building Blocks For Knowledge Representation

Acknowledgments

References

13: Points: A Theory of the Structure Of Stories in Memory

References

14: Plot Units: a Narrative Summarization Strategy

References

Acknowledgments

V: Theoretical Issues

15: Metaphor: an Inescapable Phenomenon In Natural-Language Comprehension

Acknowledgments

References

16: Context Recognition In Language Cornprehension

Acknowledgments

References

17: Reminding and Memory Organization: an Introduction To Mops

References

Acknowledgments

18: Some Thoughts on Procedural Semantics

Acknowledgments

Notes on Contributors

Subject Index

Index
12 .

Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research, and Applications
by Dietrich Albert, Josef Lukas. 230 pgs.

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Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

I: Introduction

1: Knowledge Structures: What They Are and How They Can Be Used in Cognitive Psychology, Test Theory, and the Design of Learning Environments.

II: Theoretical Developments and Empirical Investigations

2: Component-based Knowledge Spaces in Problem Solving and Inductive Reasoning

3: Component-Based Construction of Surmise Relations for Chess Problems

4 an Integrated Approach for Constructing, Coding, and Structuring a Body of Word Problems

5: Modeling Knowledge as Competence and Performance

6 an Empirical Test of a Process Model for Letter Series Completion Problems

6 an Empirical Test of a Process Model for Letter Series Completion Problems

References

Iii Applications

References

References

References

References

8 Structure and Design of an Intelligent Tutorial System Based on Skill Assignments

Introduction

9 Application of Doignon and Falmagne's Theory of Knowledge Structures to the Assessment of Motor Learning Processes

9 Application of Doignon and Falmagne's Theory of Knowledge Structures to the Assessment of Motor Learning Processes

Acknowledgements

Author Index

Subject Index
13 .

Using Computers in Linguistics: A Practical Guide (Chap. 7 "Language Understanding and the Emerging Alignment of Linguistics and Natural Language Processing")
by John M. Lawler, Helen Aristar Dry. 298 pgs.

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Computing has had a dramatic impact on the discipline of linguistics and is shaping the way we conceptualize both linguistics and language. Using Computers in Linguistics provides a non-technical introduction to recent developments in linguistic computing and offers specific guidance to the linguist or language professional who wishes to take advantage of them.Divided into eight chapters, each of the expert contributors focus on a different aspect of the interaction of computing and linguistics looking either at computational resources: the Internet, software for fieldwork and teaching linguistics, Unix utilities, or at computational developments: the availability of electronic texts, new methodologies in natural language processing, the development of the CELLAR computing environment for linguistic analysis.

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Contents

List of Figures

Introduction

Chapter 1: The Nature of Linguistic Data and the Requirements of a Computing Environment for Linguistic Research

Chapter 2: The Internet: an Introduction

Appendix

Chapter 3: Education

Appendix

Chapter 4: Textual Databases

Appendix

Chapter 5: The Unix™ Language Family

Chapter 6: Software for Doing Field Linguistics

Chapter 7: Language Understanding and the Emerging Alignment of Linguistics and Natural Language Processing

Chapter 8: Theoretical and Computational Linguistics: Toward a Mutual Understanding

Glossary

Bibliography

Index
14 .

Intelligent Language Tutors: Theory Shaping Technology (Chap.13 "Lessons Learned from the Athena Language Learning Project: Using Natural Language Processing, Graphics, Speech Processing, and Interactive Video for Communication-Based Language Learning")
by V. Melissa Holland, Jonathan D. Kaplan, Michelle R. Sams. 384 pgs.

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Introduction: The Case for Intelligent CALL

Contributors

I: Text-Based Language Tutors and Learning Environments

1: Advanced Technologies for Language Learning: The BRIDGE Project Within the ARI Language Tutor Program

2: A Principle-Based Parser for Foreign Language Tutoring in German and Arabic

3: Instructor as Author in an Adaptive, Multimedia, Foreign Language Tutor

4: CALLE: An Exploratory Environment for Foreign Language Learning

5: ALICE-chan: A Case Study in ICALL Theory and Practice

6: A Discourse Processing Approach to Computer-Assisted Language Learning

7: GPARS: A Suite of Grammar Assessment Systems

II: Dialogue-Based Language Games

8: History of an AI Spy Game: Spion

9: Herr Kommissar: An ICALL Conversation Simulator for Intermediate German

III: Graphics-Based Language Tutors and Learning Environments

10: Tutorial Tools for Language Learning by Two-Medium Dialogue

11: LingWorlds: An Intelligent Object-Oriented Environment for Second Language Tutoring

12: Modeling Individual Tutorial Interactions: Theoretical and Empirical Bases of ICALL

13: Lessons Learned from the Athena Language Learning Project: Using Natural Language Processing, Graphics, Speech Processing, and Interactive Video for Communication-Based Language Learning

14: The Athena Language Learning Project Nlp System: A Multilingual System for Conversation-Based Language Learning

15: Application of Learning Principles to the Design of a Second Language Tutor

16: On Beyond Syntax: Use of Lexical Conceptual Structure for Intelligent Tutoring

IV: Theoretical Issues in Language Tutor Design and Assessment

17: Evaluating Foreign Language Tutoring Systems

18: Al and Language Learning: Theory and Evaluations

19: ICALL and Second Language Acquisition

20: Linking Theories of Learning with Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Learning (ICALL)

Author Index

Subject Index

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