Tornadoes

Tornado - dark, funnel-shaped cloud containing violently rotating air that develops below a heavy cumulonimbus cloud mass and extends toward the earth. The funnel twists about, rises and falls, and where it reaches the earth causes great destruction. The diameter of a tornado varies from a few feet to a mile; the rotating winds attain velocities of 200 to 300 mi (320–480 km) per hr, and Read More...

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Tornadoes

1 .

Eye of the Storm: Inside the World's Deadliest Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Blizzards
by Jeffrey O. Rosenfeld. 304 pgs.

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Killer tornadoes, Hurricane Georges, and the Blizzard of '96 number among the wild forces that leave unimaginable destruction in their wake. What ignites those terrifying bolts of lightning that shoot down from the heavens? What sparks those torrential downpours that flood towns in a matter of minutes? Why do these merciless acts of nature lure us to our windows although they destroy everything in sight?
Jeff Rosenfeld takes us on a whirlwind adventure through the world's deadliest storms. He describes meteorologists flying through 200-mph hurricanes with winds pummeling their planes and chasing tornadoes across the desolate desert. This unprecedented work follows these brave scientists into the eye of the storm, eloquently explaining the science behind snowflakes, hail, and even the ghostly glow emanating from inside tornadoes.
Illuminating and highly entertaining, Eye of the Storm reveals that, behind the power of the tumultuous heavens, there lies a majestic, yet deadly beauty. After reading this engrossing, turbulent saga of bravery, creativity, danger, and intrigue, you'll never look at a storm the same way again.

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Title Page

Eye of the Storm Inside the World's Deadliest Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Blizzards

Contents

Acknowledgments

Chapter One a Stormy Relationship

Chapter Two a Light in the Dark

Chapter Three Storms on the Move

Chapter Four an Enlightened Confusion

Chapter Five the Aviation Age

Chapter Six Brewing the Storm

Chapter Seven Terrible Ups and Downs

Chapter Eight Monsters of the Prairie

Chapter Nine the Ultimate Storm

Chapter Ten an Awesome Chaos

Notes

Index
2 .

Compendium of Meteorology ("Tornadoes and Related Phenomena" begins on p. 673)
by Thomas F. Malone. 1334 pgs.

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Title Page

Preface

Table of Contents

Composition of the Atmosphere

The Composition of Atmospheric Air

References

Radiation

Solar Radiant Energy and Its Modification by the Earth and Its Atmosphere

References

Long-Wave Radiation

References

Actinometric Measurements

References

Meteorological Optics

General Meteorological Optics

References

Polarization of Skylight

References

Visibility in Meteorology

References

Atmospheric Electricity

Universal Aspects of Atmospheric Electricity

References

Ions in the Atmosphere

References

Precipitation Electricity

References

The Lightning Discharge

References

Instruments and Methods for the Measurement of Atmospheric Electricity

References

Radioactivity of the Atmosphere

References

Cloud Physics

On the Physics of Clouds and Precipitation

References

Nuclei of Atmospheric Condensation

References

The Physics of Ice Clouds and Mixed Clouds

References

Thermodynamics of Clouds

References

The Formation of Ice Crystals

References

Snow and Its Relationship to Experimental Meteorology

References

Relation of Artificial Cloud-Modification to the Production of Precipitation

References

The Upper Atmosphere

General Aspects of Upper Atmospheric Physics

References

Photochemical Processes in the Upper Atmosphere and Resultant Composition

References

Ozone in the Atmosphere

References

Radiative Temperature Changes in the Ozone Layer

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Temperatures and Pressures in the Upper Atmosphere

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Water Vapour in the Upper Air

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Diffusion in the Upper Atmosphere

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The Ionosphere

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Night-Sky Radiations from the Upper Atmosphere

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Aurorae and Magnetic Storms

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Meteors as Probes of the Upper Atmosphere

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Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere

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Cosmical Meteorology

Solar Energy Variations as a Possible Cause of Anomalous Weather Changes

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The Atmospheres of the Other Planets

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Dynamics of the Atmosphere

The Perturbation Equations in Meteorology

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The Solution of Nonlinear Meteorological Problems by the Method of Characteristics

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Hydrodynamic Instability

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Stability Properties of Large-Scale Atmospheric Disturbances

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The Quantitative Theory of Cyclone Development

References

Dynamic Forecasting by Numerical Process

References

Energy Equations

References

Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion

References

Atmospheric Tides and Oscillations

References

Application of the Thermodynamics of Open Systems to Meteorology

References

The General Circulation

The Physical Basis for the General Circulation

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Observational Studies of General Circulation Patterns

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Applications of Energy Principles to the General Circulation

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Mechanics of Pressure Systems

Extratropical Cyclones

References

The Aerology of Extratropical Disturbances

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Anticyclones

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Mechanism of Pressure Change

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Large-Scale Vertical Velocity and Divergence

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The Instability Line

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Local Circulations

Local Winds

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Tornadoes and Related Phenomena

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Thunderstorms

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Cumulus Convection and Entrainment

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Observations and Analysis

World Weather Network

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Models and Techniques of Synoptic Representation

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Meteorological Analysis in the Middle Latitudes

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Weather Forecasting

The Forecast Problem

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Short-Range Weather Forecasting

References

A Procedure of Short-Range Weather Forecasting

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Objective Weather Forecasting

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General Aspects of Extended-Range Forecasting

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Extended-Range Weather Forecasting

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Extended-Range Forecasting by Weather Types

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Verification of Weather Forecasts

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Application of Statistical Methods to Weather Forecasting

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Tropical Meteorology

Tropical Meteorology

References

Equatoml Meteorology

References

Tropical Cyclones

References

Aerology of Tropical Storms

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Polar Meteorology

Antarctic Atmospheric Circulation

References

Arctic Meteorology

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Some Climatological Problems of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic

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Climatology

Climate — the Synthesis of Weather

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Applied Climatology

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Microclimatology

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Geological and Historical Aspects of Climatic Change

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Climatic Implications of Glacier Research

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Tree-Ring Indices of Rainfall, Temperature, and River Flow

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Hydrometeorology

Hydrometeorology in the United States

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The Hydrologic Cycle and Its Relation to Meteorology — River Forecasting

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Marine Meteorology

Large-Scale Aspects of Energy Transformation Over the Oceans

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Evaporation from the Oceans

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Forecasting Ocean Wavesm

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Ocean Waves as a Meteorological Tool

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Biological and Chemical Meteorology

Aerobiology

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Physical Aspects of Human Bioclimatology

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Some Problems of Atmospheric Chemistry

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Atmospheric Pollution

Atmospheric Pollution

References

Clouds, Fog, and Aircraft Icing

The Classification of Cloud Forms

References

The Use of Clouds in Forecasting

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Fog

References

Physical and Operational Aspects of Aircraft Icing

References

Meteorological Aspects of Aircraft Icing

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Meteorological Instruments

Instruments and Techniques for Meteorological Measurements

References

Aircraft Meteorological Instruments

References

Laboratory Investigations

Experimental Analogies to Atmospheric Motions

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Model Techniques in Meteorological Research

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Experimental Cloud Formation

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Radiometeorology

Radar Storm Observation

References

Theory and Observation of Radar Storm Detection

References

Meteorological Aspects of Propagation Problems

References

Sferics

References

Microseisms

Observations and Theory of Microseisms

References

Practical Application of Microseisms to Forecasting

References

Index
3 .

Cartographies of Danger: Mapping Hazards in America (Chap. 5 "Death Tracks")
by Mark Monmonier. 363 pgs.

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No place is perfectly safe, but some places are more dangerous than others. Whether we live on a floodplain or in "Tornado Alley," near a nuclear facility or in a neighborhood poorly lit at night, we all co-exist uneasily with natural and man-made hazards. As Mark Monmonier shows in this entertaining and immensely informative book, maps can tell us a lot about where we can anticipate certain hazards, but they can also be dangerously misleading. California, for example, takes earthquakes seriously, with a comprehensive program of seismic mapping, whereas Washington has been comparatively lax about earthquakes in Puget Sound. But as the Northridge earthquake in January 1994 demonstrated all too clearly to Californians, even reliable seismic-hazard maps can deceive anyone who misinterprets "known fault-lines" as the only places vulnerable to earthquakes. Important as it is to predict and prepare for catastrophic natural hazards, more subtle and persistent phenomena such as pollution and crime also pose serious dangers that we have to cope with on a daily basis. Hazard-zone maps highlight these more insidious hazards and raise awareness about them among planners, local officials, and the public. With the help of many maps illustrating examples from all corners of the United States, Monmonier demonstrates how hazard mapping reflects not just scientific understanding of hazards but also perceptions of risk and how risk can be reduced. Whether you live on a faultline or a coastline, near a toxic waste dump or an EMF-generating power line, you ignore this book's plain-language advice on geographic hazards and how to avoid them at your own peril. "No one should buy a home, rent an apartment, or even drink the local water without having read this fascinating cartographic alert on the dangers that lurk in our everyday lives. . . . Who has not asked where it is safe to live? Cartographies of Danger provides the answer."--H. J. de Blij, NBC News "Even if you're not interested in maps, you're almost certainly interested in hazards. And this book is one of the best places I've seen to learn about them in a highly entertaining and informative fashion."--John Casti, New Scientist

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter One: Map Scale, Danger Zones, and Safe Places

Chapter Two: Shaky Preparations

Chapter Three: Lavas and Other Strangers

Chapter Four: Uncertain Shores

Chapter Five: Death Tracks

Chapter Six: Floodplains, by Definition, . . .

Chapter Seven: Subterranean Poisons

Chapter Eight: Ill Winds

Chapter Nine: Short-Lived Daughters and Elf Fields

Chapter Ten: Nuclear Nightmares

Chapter Eleven: Imagining Vulnerability

Chapter Twelve: Crimescapes

Chapter Thirteen: John Snow's Legacy

Chapter Fourteen: Emerging Cartographies of Danger

Notes

Index
4 .

Acts of God: The Unnatural History of Natural Disaster in America ("The 'T' Word" begins on p. 152)
by Theodore Steinberg. 298 pgs.

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Incredibly, the ten most costly catastrophes in U.S. history have all been natural disasters--seven of them hurricanes--and all have occurred since 1989, a period, ironically, that Congress has dubbed the Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. Why this tremendous plague on our houses? While some claim that nature is the problem, in fact, as environmental historian Ted Steinberg explains, historically speaking, much of the death and destruction has been well within the realm of human control. Surveying more than a century of losses from weather and seismic extremes, Steinberg exposes the fallacy of seeing such calamities as simply random events. Acts of God explores the unnatural history of natural calamity, the decisions of business leaders and government officials that have paved the way for the greater losses of life and property, especially among those least able to withstand such blows--America's poor, elderly, and minorities. Seeing nature or God as the primary culprit, Steinberg argues, has helped to paper over the fact that, in truth, some Americans are better protected from the violence of nature than their counterparts lower down the socioeconomic ladder. How else can we explain that the hardest hit areas have been mobile home parks and other low-income neighborhoods? Beginning with the 1886 Charleston and 1906 San Francisco earthquakes, and continuing to the present, Steinberg spotlights the defective approach to natural hazards taken by real estate interests, the media, and policymakers. By understating the extent of storm damage in news reports and offering quick repairs and cosmetic solutions to damaged property, fundamental flaws in the status quo go unremedied, class divisions are maintained, and unsafe practices continue unquestioned. Even today, with our increased scientific knowledge, he shows that reckless building continues unabated in seismically active areas and flood-prone coastal plains, often at taxpayer expense. Sure to provoke discussion, Acts of God is a call to action that must be heard before the next disaster hits.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Introduction Hometown Blues

I Return of the Suppressed

One Last Call for Judgment Day

Two Disaster as Archetype

Three Do-It-Yourself Deathscape

Interlude Body Counting

Ii Federalizing Risk

Four Building for Apocalypse

Five Uncle Sam-- Floodplain Recidivist

Interlude the Perils of Private Property

Iii Containing Calamity

Six the Neurotic Life of Weather Control

Seven Forecasting at the Fair Weather Service

Eight Who Pays?

Epilouge Remembering Mckinneysburg

Notes

Bibliography

Index
5 .

Due to the Weather: Ways the Elements Affect Our Lives (Chap. 19 "Tornadoes")
by Abraham Resnick. 228 pgs.

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Students can use this unique guide to discover not only what causes particular weather events such as avalanches and droughts but also how the weather affects such aspects of our daily lives as business and health. Hundreds of meteorological events, expository facts and fascinating anecdotes are presented to demonstrate the diverse methods people take in coping with or adjusting to the weather. Facts about such events as the worst tornadoes in history, as well as climographs depicting the weather patterns in different parts of the world help to provide the reader with a wealth of unusual information pertaining to the elements.

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Title Page

Contents

Introduction

Part I: Different Kinds of Weather Elements

1: Avalanches

2: Clouds

3: Droughts

4: Dust Storms

5: Floods

6: Fog

7: Hail

8: Humidity

9: Hurricanes/Typhoons

10: Ice

11: Lightning/Thunder

12: Monsoons

13: Mudslides

14: Rainfall

15: Snow

16: Sunshine

17: Temperatures (Cold)

18: Temperatures (Hot)

19: Tornadoes

20: Winds

Part II: How Weather Affects Us

21: Business

22: Clothing

23: Crime

24: Costums

25: Health

26: History

27: Migration

28: Shelter

29: Sports and Recreation

30: Transportation

Appendix: Directory of Web Site Contacts

Index

About the Author
6 .

The Climates of the United States (Chap. XV "Tornadoes")
by Robert DeCourcy Ward. 522 pgs.

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Title Page

Preface

Contents

Illustrations

Chapter I Historical Development of Climatological Work in the United States

Chapter II the Major Climatic Controls

Chapter III Climatic Provinces of the United States

Chapter IV the Weather Element in United States Climates

Chapter V Temperature

Chapter VI Frost

Chapter VII Prevailing Winds and Their Characteristics

Chapter VIII Mean Annual Rainfall

Chapter IX Rainfall Types and Monthly and Seasonal Rainfall

Chapter X Some Characteristics of Rainfall

Chapter XI Snowfall

Chapter XII Humidity, Evaporation, and Sensible Temperatures

Chapter XIII Sunshine, Cloudiness, and Fog

Chapter XIV Thunderstorms

Chapter XV Tornadoes

Chapter XVI Cold Waves, Northers, and Blizzards

Chapter XVII Hot Waves and the Indian Summer

Chapter XVIII Hot Winds and Chinook Winds

Chapter XIX Land and Sea Breezes and Mountain and Valley Winds

Chapter XX the Essential Characteristics of United States Climates

Chapter XXI Climate and Health

Chapter XXII Climate and Crops

Chapter XXIII the Climates of Alaska

Index
7 .

Weather and the Ocean of Air (Chap. XIV "Utmost Violence of Air-Tornadoes and Waterspouts")
by William Holmes Wenstrom. 488 pgs.

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Title Page

Acknowledgments

Preface

Contents

List of Plates

Part One

Chapter I: The Air Ocean Above Us

Chapter II: Heights Unexplored -- The Upper Atmosphere

Chapter III: Helios Supreme -- The Sun and the Earth

Chapter IV: How Weather Studies Began

Chapter V: The Weather Instruments

Chapter VI: Winds Alow and Aloft

Chapter VII: Sounding the Tropospheric Depths

Chapter VIII: Fogs and Clouds and Showers

Chapter IX: Wind-And-Climate Belts of the World

Chapter X: Air-Conditioning on a Continental Scale--Cold and Warm Air Masses

Chapter XI: Large-Scale Storms of the Temperate Zone--Cyclones and Fronts

Chapter XII: Big Wind in a Circle -- Tropical Hurricanes

Chapter XIII: Thor's Symphony--Thunderstorms and Line Squalls

Chapter XIV: Utmost Violence of Air -- Tornadoes and Waterspouts

Chapter XV: Earth's Highest Frontier -- Aerologys Future

Chapter XVI: Helios Rampant -- Solar Flares and Earthly Storms

Part Two: Some Practical Applications

Chapter XVII: Amateur Aerology

Chapter XVIII: Weather Reports, Maps, and Charts

Chapter XIX: Foretelling the Weather

Chapter XX: Industry and Agriculture; Forest Weather and War Weather

Chapter XXI: On the Water -- Mariner's Weather

Chapter XXII: In the Air -- Aviators' Weather

Index
8 .

Radar Observes the Weather (Chap. 7 "Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, and Hurricanes")
by Louis J. Battan. 160 pgs.

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Title Page

The Science Study Series

Preface

Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Principles of Radar

Chapter 3: Radar Detects a Raindrop

Chapter 4: Radar Detects a Hailstone

Chapter 5: Measuring Rainfall With Radar

Chapter 6: The Formation Of Rain and Snow

Chapter 7: Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, And Hurricanes*

Chapter 8: Radar Aids the Pilot

Chapter 9: Radar Sees the Earth And Angels

Chapter 10: Some Special Radar Procedures and Applications

Chapter 11: Conclusion

Appendix: Units of Measure Used In Meteorology

Additional Reading

Index
9 .

Beyond Twister: A Geography of Recreational Storm Chasing on the Southern Plains, in The Geographical Review
by David Robertson. 21 pgs.

Journal Article

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10 .

Storm Watchers: The Turbulent History of Weather Prediction from Franklin's Kite to El Nino
by John D. Cox. 252 pgs.

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A lively, inspiring account of the pioneers who sought to accurately predict the weather Benjamin Franklin . . . James P. Espy . . . Cleveland Abbe . . . Carl-Gustaf Rossby . . . Jule G. Charney . . . just a few of the remarkable individuals who struggled against formidable odds to understand the atmosphere and predict the weather. Where they saw patterns and processes, others saw randomness and tumult-and yet they strove to make their voices heard, often saving lives in the process. Storm Watchers takes you on a fascinating journey through time that captures the evolution of weather forecasting. From the age when meteorology was considered one step removed from sorcery to the modern-day wizardry of supercomputers, John Cox introduces you to the pioneering scientists whose work fulfilled an ancient dream and made it possible to foretell the future. He tells the little-known stories of these weathermen, such as Ptolemy's weather predictions based on astrology, John Finley's breakthrough research in identifying tornadoes, and Tor Bergeron's new techniques of weather forecasting, which contributed to its final worldwide acceptance. Filled with extraordinary tales of bravery and sacrifice, Storm Watchers will make you think twice the next time you turn on the local news to catch the weather report.

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Title Page

Contents

Introduction

Part I: A Newborn Babe

1: Chasing the Wind

2: Naming the Clouds

3: Taking to the Air

Part II: American Storms

4: Walking the Path of Destruction

5: “the Storm Breeder”

6: Mapping the Storm

7: Setting the Stage

8: A Storm of Controversy

9: A Shy Genius

Part III: The Main Artery

10: Prophet Without Honor

11: Clouds Over Crimea

12: “ol' Probabilities”

13: Down Tornado Alley

14: Civilian Casualty

15: Taking Galveston by Storm

16: The Southern Oscillation

17: Death by Daring

Part IV: Together at the Front

18: The Bergen Schoolmaster

19: The Forecasting Factory

20: From Polar Front to El Niño

21: A Gifted Vision

22: Conquering the Weather Bureau

23: Forecasting for D-Day

Part V: Suddenly New Science

24: Mastering the Math

25: The Long Ranger

26: Calculating Chaos

27: Divining the Downburst

28: Out on a Limb

Bibliography

Index

Books	Journals	Magazines
Newspapers	Encyclopedia	Research Topics

Books	Journals	Magazines
Newspapers	Encyclopedia	Research Topics

Tornadoes

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