Alan Turing

Turing, Alan Mathison - 1912–54, British mathematician and computer theorist. While studying at Cambridge Univ. he began work in predicate logic that lead to a proof (1937) that some mathematical problems are not susceptible to solution by automated computation; in arriving at this, he postulated a universal machine, now called a Turing machine, that was the theoretical prototype of the Read More...

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Alan Turing

1 .

Alan Turing: The Enigma
by Andrew Hodges. 588 pgs.

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Alan Turing (1912-54) was a British mathematician who made history. His breaking of the German U-boat Enigma cipher in World War II ensured Allied-American control of the Atlantic. But Turing's vision went far beyond the desperate wartime struggle. Already in the 1930s he had defined the concept of the universal machine, which underpins the computer revolution. In 1945 he was a pioneer of electronic computer design. But Turing's true goal was the scientific understanding of the mind, brought out in the drama and wit of the famous "Turing test" for machine intelligence and in his prophecy for the twenty-first century. nbsp; Drawn in to the cockpit of world events and the forefront of technological innovation, Alan Turing was also an innocent and unpretentious gay man trying to live in a society that criminalized him. In 1952 he revealed his homosexuality and was forced to participate in a humiliating treatment program, and was ever after regarded as a security risk. His suicide in 1954 remains one of the many enigmas in an astonishing life story.

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Title Page

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Part One: The Logical

1: Esprit De Corps

2: The Spirit of Truth

3: New Men

4: The Relay Race

Bridge Passage

Part Two: The Physical

5: Running Up

6: Mercury Delayed

7: The Greenwood Tree

8: On the Beach

Postscript

Author's Note from the 1983 Edition

Notes

Acknowledgments

Index

About the Author
2 .

The Legacy of Alan Turing
by P. J. R. Millican, A. F. Clark. 297 pgs.

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This is the second of two volumes of essays in commemoration of Alan Turing; it celebrates his intellectual legacy within the philosophy of mind and cognitive science. A distinguished international cast of contributors focus on the relationship beteen a scientific, computational image of the mind and a common-sense picture of the mind as an inner arena populated by concepts, beliefs, intentions, and qualia. Topics covered include the causal potency of folk- psychological states, the connectionist reconception of learning and concept formation, the understanding of the notion of computation itself, and the relation between philosophical and psychological theories of concepts.

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Title Page

Acknowledgements

Contents

List of Contributors

Introduction

I Subcognition and the Limits of the Turing Test

Introduction

Conclusion

2 Turing's Test and Conscious Thought

Introduction

3 the Turing Test: Ai's Biggest Blind Alley?

Introduction

Conclusions

4 the Intentional Stance and the Imitation Game

References

5 Machine as Mind

References

6 Minds, Machines, and Gödel: A Retrospect

References

7 Human Versus Mechanical Intelligence

8 the Church-Turing Thesis: Its Nature and Status

References

9 Measurement and Computational Description

Introduction

Conclusion

References

10 Beyond Turing Equivalence

References

Ii the Demise of the Turing Machine in Complexity Theory

Introduction

12 A Grammar-Based Approach to Common-Sense Reasoning

References

13 Chaos: Its Past, Its Present, but Mostly Its Future

14 the Hierarchies of Knowledge and the Mathematics of Discovery

Conclusion

Index
3 .

The Legacy of Alan Turing: Connectionism, Concepts, and Folk Psychology.
by A. Clark, P. J. R. Millican. 281 pgs.

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This is the second of two volumes of essays in commemoration of Alan Turing; it celebrates his intellectual legacy within the philosophy of mind and cognitive science. A distinguished international cast of contributors focus on the relationship beteen a scientific, computational image of the mind and a common-sense picture of the mind as an inner arena populated by concepts, beliefs, intentions, and qualia. Topics covered include the causal potency of folk- psychological states, the connectionist reconception of learning and concept formation, the understanding of the notion of computation itself, and the relation between philosophical and psychological theories of concepts.

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Connectionism, Concepts, and Folk Psychology: The Legacy of Alan Turing

Acknowledgements

Contents

List of Contributors

Introduction

I: Learning and Conceptual Change: the View from the Neurons

2: Remarks on the Paradigms of Connectionism

3: Remarks on the Impact of Connectionism on Our Thinking About Concepts

4: Causation in the Philosophy of Mind

5: Altered States and Virtual Beliefs

6: The Relation Between Philosophical and Psychological Theories of Concepts

7: How Simple is the Simple Account? Comment on Peacocke

8: Modularity and Logical Cognitivism

9: Folk Psychology and Naïve Physics

10: Why Concept Learning is a Good Idea

II: Analogy-Making, Fluid Concepts, and Brain Mechanisms

12: Encoding Psychological Knowledge

13: Does Belief Exist?

Index
4 .

Machines and Intelligence: A Critique of Arguments against the Possibility of Artificial Intelligence (Chap. 1 "The Turing Test")
by Stuart Goldkind. 142 pgs.

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Preface The Turing Test Dreyfus Machines and Mistakes Taylor Malcolm Bibliography Index

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Title Page

Recent Titles in Contributions to the Study of Computer Science

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

1: The Turing Test

Notes

2: Dreyfus

3: Machines and Mistakes

Introduction

Notes

4: Taylor

Notes

5: Malcolm

Notes

Bibliography

Index

About the Author
5 .

Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Chap. 14 "Hut 8 and Naval Enigma, Part 1")
by F. H. Hinsley, Alan Stripp. 330 pgs.

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Familiar to anyone versed in the history of World War II or interested in the study of modern intelligence work, Bletchley Park was arguably the most successful intelligence operation in world history, the top secret workplace of the remarkable people who cracked Germany's vaunted Enigma Code. Almost to the end of the war, the Germans had firm faith in the Enigma ciphering machine, but in fact the codebreakers were deciphering nearly 4,000 German transmissions daily by 1942, reaping a wealth of information on such important matters as the effort to resupply Rommel's army in North Africa and the effect of Allied attempts to mislead the Germans about the location of D-Day landings. Indeed, Winston Churchill hailed the work of Bletchley Park as the "secret weapon" that won the war. Only now, nearly half a century since the end of the Second World War, have any of the men and women in this group come forward to tell this remarkable story in their own words--a story that an oath of secrecy long prevented them from revealing. In Codebreakers, F.H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp have gathered together twenty-seven first-hand accounts of one of the most amazing feats in intelligence history. These engaging memoirs, each written by a different member of the codebreakers team, recount the long hours working in total secrecy and the feelings of camaraderie, tension, excitement, and frustration as these men and women, both British and American, did some of the most important work of the war. These talented people share not only their technical knowledge of cryptography and military logistics, but also poignant personal recollections as well. Walter Eytan, one of a handful of Jews at Betchley Park, recalls intercepting a message from a German vessel which reported that it carried Jews "en route for Piraeus zur Endlosung (for the final solution)." Eytan writes "I had never heard this expression before, but instinctively, I knew what it must mean, and I have never forgotten that moment." Vivienne Alford tells of her chilling memory of hearing that the atomic bomb had been dropped on Hiroshima, and the stillness that came over her and her co-workers in Naval Section VI. And William Millward confides that he is still haunted by the work he did in Hut 3 nearly fifty years ago. "I sometimes wonder, especially during the night, how many sailors I drowned." Few readers will finish this book without feeling that the codebreakers were essential to the outcome of the war--and thereby of major importance in helping to shape the world we live in today.

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Title Page

Preface

Contents

Introduction The Influence of Ultra In The Second World War

Part One The Production Of Ultra Intelligence

1. Life in and Out Of Hut 3

2. the Duty Officer, Hut 3

3. a Naval Officer in Hut 3

4. the Z Watch in Hut 4, Part I

5. the Z Watch in Hut 4, Part II

7. Naval Section VI

8. Anglo-American Signals Intelligence Co-Operation

9. an American At Bletchley Park

10. Bp, Admiralty, And Naval Enigma

15. Hut 8 and Naval Enigma, Part II

16: The Abwehr Enigma

Part Three Fish

18. an Introduction To Fish

20. the Tunny Machine

21. Operation Tunny

Part Four Field Ciphers And Tactical Codes

22. Recollections Of Bletchley Park, France, and Cairo

23. Army Ultra's Poor Relations

24. Navy Ultra's Poor Relations

Part Five Japanese Codes

29. Japanese Army Air Force Codes At Bletchley Park And Delhi

Appendix How the Bletchley Park Buildings Took Shape

Index of Codes, Ciphers, And Cryptanalysis

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6 .

Artificial Intelligence and Literary Creativity: Inside the Mind of Brutus, a Storytelling Machine (Chap. 1 "Setting the Stage: The Turing Test Sequence")
by Selmer Bringsjord, David A. Ferrucci. 232 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

Acknowledgments

Preface

List of Tables

List of Figures

Chapter 1 Setting the Stage 1.1 the Turing Test Sequence

Chapter 2 Could a Machine Author Use Imagery?

Chapter 3 Consciousness and Creativity

Chapter 4 Mathematizing Betrayal

Chapter 5 the Narrative-Based Refutation of Church's Thesis

Chapter 6 Inside the Mind of Brutus

Bibliography

Index
7 .

The Mysterious Flame: Conscious Minds in a Material World ("The Turing Test" begins on p. 186)
by Colin McGinn. 242 pgs.

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Is consciousness nothing more than the result of neurons firing through brain tissue? Or is it, as some claim, a fundamental reality like space, time, and matter? In recent years, the nature of consciousness -- our immediately known experience -- has taken its place as the central, most profound problem in the scientific discourse. Now, in elegant prose, Colin McGinn brilliantly and accessibly tackles this most difficult of questions.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

1: Consciousness -- Still Unexplained After All These Years

2: Natural Mysteries And Biased Minds

3: God, the Soul, And Parallel Universes

4: Mind Space

5: Secrets of the Self1

6: Could a Robot Get the Blues?

7: The Unbearable Heaviness Of Philosophy

Notes

Index
8 .

Philosophy of Mind ("Turing Machines" begins on p. 80, "'Physical Realizations' of Turing Machines" begins on p. 85 and "The Turing Test" begins on p. 96)
by Jaegwon Kim. 260 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

1: Introduction

Introduction

2: Mind as Behavior: Behaviorism

3: Mind as the Brain: the Mind-Brain Identity Theory

4: Mind as a Computer: Machine Functionalism

5: Mind as a Causal Structure: Causal-Theoretical Functionalism

6: Mental Causation

7: Consciousness

8: Mental Content

Notes

9: Reductive and Nonreductive Physicalism

Further Readings

Bibliography

About the Book and Author

Index
9 .

Program of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society: 17-19 August 1988, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ("Subcognitive Probing: Hard Questions for the Turing Test" begins on p. 361)
by Rand Aj Spiro. 778 pgs.

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Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society Montreal, Canada - August 17 - 19, 1988

The Place of Cognitive Architectures in A Rational Analysis

References

Transitions in Strategy Choices

References

Vital A Connectionist Parser

Abstract

Acknowledgements

References

Applying Contextual Constraints in Sentence Comprehension

Recursive Auto-Associative Memory: Devising Compositional Distributed Representations

Introduction

Conclusions

Acknowledgements & References

Experiments with Sequential Associative Memories

1: Introduction

1: Introduction

1: Introduction

Representing Part-Whole Hierarchies in Connectionist Networks

Introduction

Conclusions

Using Rules and Task Division to Augment Connectionist Learning

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Analyzing A Connectionist Model as A System of Soft Rules

Acknowledgements

Footnotes

How to Summarize Thick Text (and Represent It Too)

1: Introduction

6: Summary and Conclusions

On-Line Processing of A Procedural Text

Understanding Stories in Their Social Context

Abstract

References

Context Effects in the Comprehension of Idioms

Action Planning: Routine Computing Tasks

Using Conversation Mops to Integrate Intention and Convention in Natural Language Processing

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

A Theory of Simplicity

Bibliography

Basic Levels in Hierarchically Structured Categories

Introduction

Summary

1: Introduction.

Flexible Natural Language Processing and Roschian Category Theory

6: Conclusions.

The Induction of Mental Structures While Learning to Use Symbolic Systems

Abstract

References

Transitory Stages in the Development of Medical Expertise: the "Intermediate Effect" in Clinical Case Representation Studies

References

Integrating Marker Passing and Connectionism for Handling Conceptual and Structural Ambiguities

1: Introduction

4: Conclusions

Learning Subgoals and Methods for Solving Problems

References

Opportunistic Use of Schemata for Medical Diagnosis

Introduction

Integrating Case-Based and Causal Reasoning

References

Introduction

Modeling Software Design Within A Problem-Space Architecture

Conclusions

Modeling Human Syllogistic Reasoning in Soar

Abstract and Introduction

Integrated Commonsense and Theoretical Mental Models in Physics Problem Solving

Conclusion

A Connectionist Model of Selective Attention in Visual Perception

References

How Near Is Too Far? Talking About Visual Images

An Adaptive Model for Viewpoint-Invariant Object Recognition

Introduction

Concluding Remarks

Spatial Reasoning Using Sinusoidal Oscillations

1: Introduction

6: Conclusion

An Unsupervised Pdp Learning Model for Action Planning

Representation and Recognition of Biological Motion

I. Introduction

V. Conclusions

Vi. Acknowledgements

References

When Half Right Is Not Half Bad: Hypothesis Testing Under Conditions of Uncertainty and Complexity

A Theory of Scientific Problem Solving

Introduction

References

Empirical Analyses and Connectionist Modeling of Real-Time Human Image Understanding

References

Learning to Represent and Understand Locative Prepositional Phrases

1: Introduction

A Computational Model of Syntactic Ambiguity as A Lexical Process

Introduction

Summary

1: Introduction

A Parallel Model for Adult Sentence Processing

5: Conclusions

References

Parsing Metacommunication in Natural Language Dialogue to Understand Indirect Requests

Introduction

Conclusion

Interpretation of Quantifier Scope Ambiguities

Multiple Simultaneous Interpretations of Ambiguous Sentences

Introduction

Conclusion

The Role of Analogy in A Theory of Problem-Solving

References

The Architecture of Children's Physics Knowledge A Problem-Solving Perspective

Introduction

Conclusions

Hierarchical Problem Solving as A Means of Promoting Expertise

Introduction

References

Introduction

Collaborative Cognition

Conclusions

References

Explorations in Understanding How Physical Systems Work

Introduction

Conclusions

Instructional Strategies for A Coached Practice Environment

References

Creatures of Habit A Computational System to Enhance and Illuminate the Development of Scientific Thinking

Introduction

Conclusion: Present Status, Future Directions

Propositional Attitudes, Commonsense Reasoning, and Metaphor

References

1: Introduction

A Process-Oriented, Intensional Model of Knowledge and Belief

4: Conclusion

Introduction

Subcognitive Probing: Hard Questions for the Turing Test

Conclusion

Endnotes

The Pragmatics of Expertise in Medicine

Introduction

Conclusion

References

Cognitive Flexibility Theory: Advanced Knowledge Acquisition in Ill-Structured Domains

Introduction

A Hybrid Connectionist/Production System Interpretation of Age Differences in Perceptual Learning

Acknowledgements

References

Language Experience and Prose Processing in Adulthood

Effects of Age and Skill on Domain-Specific Visual Search

References

Patching Up Old Plans

Introduction

Summary and Conclusions

Systematicity as A Selection Constraint in Analogical Mapping

Introduction

Abstraction Processes During Concept Learning: A Structural View

Acknowledgements

Explanatory Coherence and Belief Revision in Naive Physics

Access and Use of Previous Solutions in A Problem Solving Situation

The Use of Explanations for Completing and Correcting Causal Models

Introduction

Conclusions and Future Directions

Varieties of Learning from Problem Solving Experience

1: Introduction

5: References

The Process of Learning Lisp

The Nature of Expertise in the Clinical Interview: Interactive Medical Problem Solving

A Dynamical Theory of the Power-Law of Learning in Problem-Solving

Abstract

Acknowledgments

Assessing the Structure of Knowledge in A Procedural Domain

Improvement in Medical Expertise Independent of Stable Knowledge

References

Introduction

Sequential Connectionist Networks for Answering Simple Questions About A Microworld

References

The Usefulness of the Script Concept for Characterizing Dream Reports

Acknowledgments

References

The Right of Free Association: Relative-Position Encoding for Connectionist Data Structures

References

Unsupervised Learning of Correlational Structure

References

On the Application of Medical Basic-Science Knowledge in Clinical Reasoning: Implications for Structural Knowledge Differences Between Experts and Novices

References

Similarity-Based and Explanation-Based Learning of Explanatory and Nonexplanatory Information

Introduction

Conclusion

Causal Reasoning About Complex Physiological Mechanisms by Novices

References

A Comparison of Context Effects for Typicality and Category Membership Ratings

Introduction

References

Naive Materialistic Belief: an Underlying Epistemological Commitment

References

Writing Expertise and Second Language Proficiency: Algorithms and Implementations?

References

The Minimal Chain Principle: A Cross-Linguistic Study of Syntactic Parsing Strategies

References

Multiple Character Recognition - A Simulation Model

References

1: Introduction

Netzsprech - Another Case for Distributed 'Rule' Systems

7: Conclusion

Intuitive Notions of Light and Learning About Light

Introduction

Bibliography

Signalling Importance in Spoken Narratives: the Cataphoric Use of the Indefinite This

Footnotes

References

Planning and Implementation Errors in Algorithm Design

Introduction

Conclusion

Conceptual Slippage and Analogy-Making: A Report on the Copycat Project

Direct Inferences in A Connectionist Knowledge Structure

Summary and Conclusions

Problem Solving Is What You Do When You Don't Know What to Do

References

Cirrus: Inducing Subject Models from Protocol Data

Introduction

References

Three Kinds of Concepts?

References

Introduction

Constructing Coherent Text Using Rhetorical Relations

Conclusions

References

Defeasibility in Concept Combination: A Criterial Approach

References

The Comprehension of Architectural Plans by Expert and Sub-Expert Architects

References

Processing Aspectual Semantics

Abstract

Bibliography

Introduction

Gain Variation in Recurrent Error Propagation Networks

References

Abstract

Conjoint Syntactic and Semantic Context Effects: Tasks and Representations

Acknowledgment

References

Generalization by Humans and Multi-Layer Adaptive Networks

Introduction

Summary

Pattern-Based Parsing for Word-Sense Disambiguation

1: Introduction

5: Conclusion

Multiple Theories in Scientific Discovery

Introduction

References

Text Comprehension : Macrostructure and Frame

Bibliographie

The Structure of Social Mind: Empirical Patterns of Large-Scale Knowledge Organization

References

A Model of Meter Perception in Music

Introduction

Conclusion

Acquiring Computer Skills by Exploration Versus Demonstration

References

A Hybrid Model for Controlling Retrieval of Episodes

References

The Role of Mapping in Analogical Transfer1

1: Introduction

Acknowledgments

Spatial Attention and Subitizing: an Investigation of the Finst Hypothesis

Conclusion

References

A Computational Model of Reactive Depression

Introduction

Conclusion

References

Invited Address Reasoning by Rule or Model?

Introduction

Conclusions
10 .

The Mind Matters: Consciousness and Choice in a Quantum World ("In Computer Science" begins on p. 75)
by David Hodgson. 486 pgs.

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In this book, Hodgson presents a clear and compelling case against today's orthodox mechanistic view of the brain-mind, and in favor of the view that "the mind matters." In the course of the argument he ranges over such topics as consciousness, informal reasoning, computers, evolution, and quantum indeterminancy and non-locality. Although written from a philosophical viewpoint, the book has important implications for the sciences concerned with the brain-mind problem. At the same time, it is largely non-technical, and thus accessible to the non-specialist reader.

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Title Page

PREFACE

CONTENTS

List of Figures

INTRODUCTION

I: Preliminaries

1: General Approach and Assumptions

2: Mental Events

3: The Consensus

II: Against Mechanism

4: More and Different Information

5: Plausible Reasoning

6: Consciousness Selected by Evolution

7: Folk Psychology

8: Transcending the Code

III: Quantum Mechanics

9: Historical Outline

11: The Quantum Mechanical State

12: The Development of the Quantum State

13: Combined Systems

14: The Measurement Problem

15: Quantum Theory and Reality

IV: Mind and the World

16: Outline of a Theory of Mind

17: The Self

18: Time

19: Sketches for a World-View

REFERENCES

NAME INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX
11 .

Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind ("Digital Computers: The False Analogue" begins on p. 218)
by Gerald M. Edelman. 288 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

List of Illustrations

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part I: Problems

Chapter 1: Mind

Chapter 2: Putting the Mind Back Into Nature

Chapter 3: The Matter of the Mind

Chapter 4: Putting Psychology on A Biological Basis

Chapter 5: Morphology and Mind: Completing Darwin's Program

Chapter 6: Topobiology: Lessons From The Embryo

Chapter 7: The Problems Reconsidered

Part III: Proposals

Chapter 8: The Sciences of Recognition

Chapter 9: Neural Darwinism

Chapter 10: Memory and Concepts: Building A Bridge to Consciousness

C H a Pt E R 11: Consciousness: The Remembered Present

Chapter 12: Language and Higher-Order Consciousness

Chapter 13: Attention and the Unconscious

Chapter 14: Layers and Loops: a Summary

Part IV: Harmonies

Chapter 15: A Graveyard of Isms: Philosophy and Its Claims

Chapter 16: Memory and the Individual Soul: Against Silly Reductionism

Chapter 17: Higher Products: Thoughts, Judgments, Emotions

Chapter 18: Diseases of the Mind: The Reintegrated Self

Chapter 19: Is It Possible to Construct A Conscious Artifact?

Chapter 20: Symmetry and Memory: on The Ultimate Origins of Mind

Epilogue

Mind Without Biology: A Critical Postscript

Selected Readings

Credits

Index
12 .

Electronic Technology, Corporate Strategy, and World Transformation (Chap. 3 "The Microchip and the Computer: Technological Underpinnings of the Postindustrial Society")
by Maurice Estabrooks. 269 pgs.

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How are the new electronic technologies affecting business here and abroad--indeed, the entire world economy--and what are the new business strategies that must emerge from these transformations? Economist, writer, and communications executive Maurice Estabrooks provides a readable, comprehensive survey of how microchips, computers, and other innovations are reshaping the entire world of work--its cultures, organization, and economic systems. With insight and impeccable scholarship he provides concrete evidence of the emergence of artificially intelligent, cybernetic, network-based entities that are creating new links between business and technology itself, links that will profoundly affect the ways businesses create and implement their corporate survival and growth strategies.

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Title Page

Title Page

Publication/Copyright Page

Dedication Page

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Technology, Corporate Strategy, Public Policy, and the Transformation of the World

Notes

Chapter 2: The Role of Electronic Technology in the Creation of the Advanced Industrial Society

Notes

Chapter 3: The Microchip and the Computer: Technological Underpinnings of the Postindustrial Society

Notes

Chapter 4: Growth, Expansion, Convergence, and Creative Destruction

Notes

Chapter 5: Network Universe

Notes

Chapter 6: The Intelligent Infrastructure

Notes

Chapter 7: The Intelligent Economy

Notes

Chapter 8: Restructuring, Transforming, and Globalizing Organizations, Markets, and Economic Systems

Notes

Chapter 9: War of the Worlds

Notes

Chapter 10: Into the Millennium

Notes

Selected Bibliography

Index

About the Author
13 .

Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Ideas, Issues, and Applications (Chap. 7 "Evolutionary Psychology and Theories of Cognitive Architecture")
by Charles Crawford, Dennis L. Krebs. 670 pgs.

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Contents

Preface

About the Contributors

I: Ideas

1: The Theory of Evolution in the Study of Human Behavior: An Introduction and Overview

Conclusion

REFERENCES

2: Acting for the Good of Others: Kinship and Reciprocity with Some New Twists

References

Appendix: The Rare Gene Method for Modeling the Invasion of a Gene Affecting Relatives

3: How Mate Choice Shaped Human Nature: A Review of Sexual Selection and Human Evolution

Conclusion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

References

4: The Evolution of Human Life Histories

References

5: Evolutionary Approaches to Culture

Conclusion

References

II: Issues

6: Can Behavior Genetics Contribute to Evolutionary Behavioral Science?

Conclusion

Conclusion

7: Evolutionary Psychology and Theories of Cognitive Architecture

Summary and Conclusions

References

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

8: Not Whether to Count Babies, but Which

References

9: Environments and Adaptations: Then and Now

References

Conclusion

10: Testing Evolutionary Hypotheses

Conclusion

References

III: Applications

11: The Evolution of Moral Behaviors

References

12: Developmental Psychology and Modern Darwinism

Concluding Remarks

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

References

13: The Psychology of Human Mate Selection: Exploring the Complexity of the Strategic Repertoire

Conclusion

References

14: The Evolutionary Social Psychology of Family Violence

Concluding Remarks

References

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

15: Psycho Darwinism: The New Synthesis of Darwin and Freud

Conclusion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

References

16: Evolutionary Cognitive Psychology: The Missing Heart of Modern Cognitive Science

Conclusion

References

17: Evolutionary Psychology and Sexual Aggression

Summary and Conclusions

References

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

18: Darwinian Aesthetics

Concluding Remarks

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

References

19: The Global Environmental Crisis and State Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective

References

20: The Evolutionary Psychology of Spatial Sex Differences

References

21: The Creation and Re-Creation of Language

Conclusion

References

Author Index

Subject Index
14 .

Godel: A Life of Logic (Chap. 6 "Mechanism and Mathematics")
by John L. Casti, Werner DePauli-Schimanovich. 218 pgs.

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Kurt Godel was an intellectual giant. His Incompleteness Theorem turned not only mathematics but also the whole world of science and philosophy on its head. Equally legendary were Godel's eccentricities, his close friendship with Albert Einstein, and his paranoid fear of germs that eventually led to his death from self-starvation. Now, in the first popular biography of this strange and brilliant thinker, John Casti and Werner DePauli bring the legend to life. After describing his childhood in the Moravian capital of Brno, the authors trace the arc of Godel's remarkable career, from the famed Vienna Circle, where philosophers and scientists debated notions of truth, to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, where he lived and worked until his death in 1978. In the process, they shed light on Godel's contributions to mathematics, philosophy, computer science, artificial intelligence -- even cosmology -- in an entertaining and accessible way.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Chapter One

Chapter Two

Chapter Three

Chapter Four

Chapter Five

Chapter Six

Chapter Seven

Chapter Eight

Chapter Nine

Chapter Ten

References

Index
15 .

Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern (Chap. 21 "Review of Alan Turing: The Enigma November, 1983" and Chap. 22 "A Coffeehouse Conversation on the Turing Test May, 1981")
by Douglas R. Hofstadter. 854 pgs.

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Title Page

Synopsis

Short Contents

Long Contents

List of Illustrations

Notes on the Cover: A Spontaneous Essay on Whirly Art and Creativity

Introduction

Section 1:: Snags and Snarls

1: On Self-Referential Sentences January, 1981

2: Self-Referential Sentences: A Follow-Up January, 1982

3: On VIral Sentences and Self-Replicating Structures

4: Nomic: A Self-Modifying Game Based on Reflexivity in Law June, 1982

Section II:: Sense and Society

5: World VIews in Collision: the Skeptical Inquirer Versus the National Enquirer

6: On Number Numbness May, 1982

7: Changes in Default Words and Images, Engendered by Rising Consciousness

8: A Person Paper on Purity in Language

Section III:: Sparking and Slipping

9: Pattern, Poetry, and Power in the Music of Frédéric Chopin April, 1982

10: Parquet Deformations: A Subtle, Intricate Art Form

11: Stuff and Nonsense

12: Variations on A Theme as the Crux of Creativity

13: Metafont, Metamathematics, and Metaphysics: Comments on Donald Knuth's Article "The Concept of A Meta-Font"

Section IV:: Structure and Strangeness

14: Magic Cubology

15: On Crossing the Rubicon

16: Mathematical Chaos and Strange Attractors November, 1981

17: Lisp: Atoms and LIsts

18: Lisp: LIsts and Recursion March, 1983

19: Lisp: Recursion and Generality April, 1983

20: Heisenbe 's Uncertainty Principle and the Many-Worlds Interpretationof Quantum Mechanics

Section V:: Spirit and Substrate

21: Review of Alan Turing: the Enigma November, 1983

22: A Coffeehouse Conversation on the Turing Test May, 1981

23: On the Seeming Paradox of Mechanizing Creativity September, 1982

24: Analogies and Roles in Human and Machine Thinking September, 1981

25: Who Shoves Whom Around Inside the Careenium? Or, What Is the Meaning of the Word "I"? March, 1981

26 Waking Up from the Boolean Dream, Or, Subcognition as Computation July, 1982

Section VI:: Selection and Stability

27: The Genetic Code: Arbitrary? March, 1982

28: Undercut, Flaunt, Pounce, and Mediocrity. Psychological Games with Numbers August, 1982

29: The Prisoner's Dilemma Computer Tournaments and the Evolution of Cooperation May, 1983

Section VII: Sanity and Survival

30: Dilemmas for Superrational Thinkers, Leading Up to A Luring Lottery June, 1983

31: Irrationality Is the Square Root of All Evil September, 1983

32: The Tale of Happiton June, 1983

33: The Tumult of Inner Voices, Or, What Is the Meaning of the Word "I"?

Epilogue

Bibliography

Acknowledgments

Index

Books	Journals	Magazines
Newspapers	Encyclopedia	Research Topics

Books	Journals	Magazines
Newspapers	Encyclopedia	Research Topics

Alan Turing

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