Nicholas Copernicus

Copernicus, Nicholas - kōpûrˈnĭkəs, Pol. Mikotaj Kopérnik, 1473–1543, Polish astronomer. After studying astronomy at the Univ. of Kraków, he spent a number of years in Italy studying various subjects, including medicine and canon law. He lectured c.1500 in Rome on mathematics and astronomy; in 1512 he settled in Frauenburg, East Prussia Read More...

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Nicholas Copernicus

1 .

Nicholas Copernicus, 1543-1943
by Stephen P. Mizwa. 78 pgs.

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Title Page

The Cover Design and Its Symbolism

Preface

Contents

Part I: The Life-Story of Copernicus

Part II: Sarmaticus Astronomus

Part III: Program Suggestions

Part IV: In the Name of Copernicus

The Kosciuszko Foundation: What is It? What is It For?

Miscellanea
2 .

Three Copernican Treatises: The Commentariolus of Copernicus, the Letter against Werner, the Narratio Prima of Rheticus
by Nicholas Copernicus, Edward Rosen. 220 pgs.

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Title Page

Records of Civilization Sources and Studies

Preface

Contents

Abbreviations

Introduction

The Commentariolus Of Copernicus

The Letter Against Werner

The Narratio Prima Of Rheticus

Bibliographical Note

Index

Records of Civilization Sources and Studies
3 .

Gaia's Gift: Earth, Ourselves, and God after Copernicus
by Anne Primavesi. 150 pgs.

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Gaia's Gift , the second of Anne Primavesi's explorations of human relationships with the earth, asks that we complete the ideological revolution set in motion by Copernicus and Darwin concerning human importancene. They challenged the notion of our God-given centrality within the universe and within earth's evolutionary history. Yet as our continuing exploitation of earth's resources and species demonstrates, we remain wedded to the theological assumption that these are there for our sole use and benefit. Now James Lovelock's scientific understanding of the existential reality of Gaia's gift of life again raises the question of our proper place within the universe. It turns us decisively towards an understanding of ourselves as dependent on, rather than in control of, the whole earth community.

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Title Page

Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction

1: The Astronomical Revolution

2: After Copernicus

3: Theological Challenges to Copernicus

4: The Incomplete Revolution

5: Revolution Within Ourselves

6: Heaven on Earth

7: Life on Earth

8: Gift Exchanges

9: Gift Exchange Today

Notes

Bibliography

Index
4 .

The Copernican Plan Evaluated: The Evolution of a Revolution, in Phi Delta Kappan
by Joseph M. Carroll. 8 pgs.

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5 .

From Myth to Modern Mind: A Study of the Origins and Growth of Scientific Thought, Vol. 2: Copernicus through Quantum Mechanics
by Richard H. Schlagel. 584 pgs.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Illustrations

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

NOTES

Chapter I: THE PRECURSORS OF MODERN SCIENCE

NOTES

Chapter II: THE RISE OF MODERN SCIENCE

NOTES

Chapter III: GALILEO GALILEI: THE FATHER OF MODERN SCIENCE THE PREPARATORY YEARS OF INVESTIGATION

NOTES

Chapter IV: GALILEO GALILEI: FATHER OF MODERN SCIENCE THE MOMENTOUS YEARS OF ACHIEVEMENT

NOTES

Chapter V: CREATION OF THE CORPUSCULAR-MECHANISTIC WORLD VIEW

NOTES

Chapter VI: A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF NEWTON

NOTES

Chapter VII: NEWTON'S REVOLUTION

CONCLUSION

Chapter VIII: THE NEWTONIAN LEGACY

NOTES

Chapter IX: THE ORIGINS OF CHEMISTRY AND MODERN ATOMISM

NOTES

Chapter X: PROBING THE INTERIOR OF THE ATOM

NOTES

Chapter XI: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND QUANTUM MECHANICS

NOTES

EPILOGUE

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX
6 .

The Book of the Cosmos: Imagining the Universe from Heraclitus to Hawking (Part Three "Copernicus to Newton")
by Dennis Richard Danielson. 556 pgs.

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What is the cosmos? How did it come into being? How are we related to it, and what is our place in it? The Book of the Cosmos assembles for the first time in one volume the great minds of the Western world who have considered these questions from biblical times to the present. It is a book of many authors -- Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Galileo are here, of course, in all their genius, but so are Edgar Allan Poe, Annie Jump Cannon (a "human computer" and lyrical classifier of stars), and Sir Martin Rees, who proposes an "ensemble of universes" of which ours happens to be among the most interesting.
In these pages the universe is made and unmade in a variety of configurations; it spins along on superstrings, teems with intelligent life, and could end without warning. The Book of the Cosmos provides a thrilling read to set the heart racing and the mind soaring.

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Title Page

Contents

Acknowledgments

Introduction: Telescopes for the Mind

Part One: Cosmological Origins

1: We Have Seen but Few of His Works

2: Twice into the Same River?

3: The Things of the Universe Are Not Sliced off with a Hatchet

4: Atoms and Empty Space

5: The Moving Image of Eternity

6: The Potency of Place

7: He Supposes the Earth to Revolve

8: A Geometrical Argument

9: No Erratic or Pointless Movement

10: Turning the Universe Upside Down

Part Two: Ptolemy, Middle Earth, Middle Ages

11: The Peculiar Nature of the Universe

12: The Weaknesses of the Hypotheses

13: Their Peculiar Behavior Confounds Mortals' Minds

14: We Consider Time a Thing Created

15: From This Point Hang the Heavens

16: If a Man Were in the Sky and Could See the Earth Clearly

17: A Single Universe in Which Each Star Influences Every Other

Part Three: Copernicus to Newton

18: Almost Contrary to Common Sense

19: The Poetic Structure of the World

20: This Art Unfolds the Wisdom of God

21: A Star Never Seen before Our Time

22: This Little Dark Star Wherein We Live

23: Innumerable Suns, and an Infinite Number of Earths

24: Neither Known nor Observed by Anyone before

25: Galileo and the Geometrization of Astronomical Space

26: This Boat Which Is Our Earth

27: The Two Books of God Agree with Each Other

28: They Hoist the Earth Up and Down like a Ball

29: A World in the Moon

30: A Very Liquid Heaven

31: The Eternal Silence of These Infinite Spaces

32: This Pendent World

33: But One Little Family of the Universe

34: Into the Celestial Spaces

35: Discernible Ends and Final Causes

36: The Planetarians, and This Small Speck of Dirt

Part Four: Unfurling Newton's Universe

37: A Signal of God

38: The Beautiful Pre-Established Order

39: An Event So Glorious to the Newtonian Doctrine of Gravity

40: A Voice from the Starry Heavens

41: This Most Surprising Zone of Light

42: How Fortunate Is This Globe!

43: To Become Adequately Copernican

44: Laboratories of the Universe

45: As Certain as the Planetary Orbits

46: The Intelligence of the Watch-Maker

47: Must We Then Reject the Infinitude of the Stars?

48: The Great Principle That Governs the Universe

49: The Unfailing Connection and Course of Events

50: The Primordial Particle

51: The Shadow! the Shadow!

52: Unraveled Starlight

53: Astronomy Still Young

Part Five: The Universe Re-Imagined

54: The Peculiar Interest of Mars

55: Cosmical Evolution

56: Cosmos without Peer and without Price

57: Curved Space and Poetry of the Universe

58: The Man in the Accelerated Chest

59: It Is Not True That "All Is Relative"

60: Spacetime Tells Matter How to Move

61: The Architecture of the Celestial Mansions

62: The Quickening Influence of the Universe

63: You Have Broken Newton's Back

64: The Realm of the Nebulae

65: Driven to Admit Anti-Chance

66: Did the Expansion Start from the Beginning?

67: This Big Bang Idea

Part Six: Beginnings and Ends

68: Incomprehensible Magnitude, Unimaginable Darkness

69: That All-But-Eternal Crimson Twilight

70: The Cosmic Oasis

71: The Very Womb of Life

72: The Urge to Trace the History of the Universe

73: To Transform the Universe on a Cosmological Scale

74: The No Boundary Condition

75: Prisons of Light

76: A Very Lumpy Universe

77: A Cosmic Archipelago

78: Cosmological Natural Selection

79: The Ultimate Free Lunch

80: Was There a Big Bang?

81: What We Cannot See and Yet Know Must Be There

82: Their Extravagant Smallness

83: Cosmic Dust-Bunnies

84: Mystery at the End of the Universe

85: Do the Heavens Declare?

Glossary

Further Reading

Copyright Acknowledgments

Index
7 .

The Origins of Modern Science: 1300-1800 (Chap. Two "The Conservatism of Copernicus")
by H. Butterfield. 248 pgs.

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By the Same Author

Contents

Introduction

Chapter One: The Historical Importance of A Theory of Impetus

Chapter Two: The Conservatism of Copernicus

Chapter Three: The Study of the Heart Down To William Harvey

Chapter Four: The Downfall of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Chapter Five: The Experimental Method in The Seventeenth Century

Chapter Six: Bacon and Descartes

Chapter Seven: The Effect of the Scientific Revolution On the Non-Mechanical Sciences

Chapter Eight: The History Of The Modern Theory of Gravitation

Chapter Nine: The Transition to the Philosophe Movement in the Reign of Louis XIV

Chapter Ten: The Place of the Scientific Revolution In The History of Western Civilisation

Chapter Eleven: The Postponed Scientific Revolution In Chemistry

Chapter Twelve: Ideas of Progress And Ideas of Evolution

Suggestions for Further Reading

Index
8 .

Main Currents of Scientific Thought: A History of the Sciences (Chap. 12 "The Copernican System of the World")
by S. F. Mason. 522 pgs.

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Contents

Acknowledgements

1: Introduction

Part One: Ancient Science

2: Science in the Ancient Civilizations of Babylonia and Egypt

3: The Natural Philosophies of the Pre-Socratic Greeks

4: Natural Philosophy in Athens

5: Greek Science of the Alexandrian Period

6: Rome and the Decline of Ancient Science

Part Two: Science in the Orient and Medieval Europe

7: The Science and Technology of the Chinese

8: The Science of India

9: Science and Technology in the Muslim World

10: Technology and the Craft Tradition in Medieval Europe

11: The Scholarly Tradition During the Middle Ages

Part Three: The Scientific Revolution of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

12: The Copernican System of the World

13: Gilbert, Bacon, and the Experimental Method

14: Galileo and the Science of Mechanics

15: Descartes: The Mathematical Method and the Mechanical Philosophy

16: The Scientific Revolution and the Protestant Reformation

17: The Theory of Universal Gravitation

18: Optics During the Seventeenth Century

19: Medicine, and the Theory of the Circulation of the Blood

20: From Alchemy to Medical Chemistry

21: Some Early Modern Applications of Science

22: The Scientific Societies of the Seventeenth Century

Part Four: Eighteenth-Century Science: The Development of National Scientific Traditions

23: The Application of Science During the Eighteenth Century

24: The Background to Eighteenth-Century Science

25: Astronomy, and the Newtonian Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century

26: The Phlogiston Theory and the Chemical Revolution

27: The Idea of Progress in the Mechanical World of the Eighteenth Century

28: Evolution, and the Great Chain of Beings

29: German Nature-Philosophy

30: Embryology: the Development of Individual Organisms

31: The Structure and Function of Living Organisms

32: The Cell Theory

Part Five: The Science of the Nineteenth Century: The Agent of Industrial and Intellectual Change

33: The Development of Geology

34: Theories of the Evolution of the Species During the Nineteenth Century

35: Scientific Institutions In France and Britain During the Nineteenth Century

36: Chemistry and the Atomic Theory of Matter

37: The Wave Theory of Light

38: The Development of Electricity and Magnetism

39: Thermodynamics: The Science of Energy Changes

40: Science and Engineering

41: The Applications of Chemistry and Microbiology

Part Six: Twentieth-Century Science: New Fields and New Powers

42: Some Aspects of Modern Biology

43: The Theory of Relativity

44: The Quantum Theory and the Structure of the Atom

45: Astrophysics and Theories of World Structure

46: Science and the National Movements in Italy and Germany

47: Some Aspects of American and Soviet Science

48: Science and History

Bibliography

Index of Names

Index of Subjects
9 .

A History of Science, Technology and Philosophy in the 16th & 17th Centuries (Chap. II "The Copernican Revolution")
by F. Dannemann, A. Wolf. 692 pgs.

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Contents

List of Illustrations

Preface

A History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuriesz

Chapter II: The Copernican Revolution

Chapter III: Galileo Galilei

Chapter IV: Scientific Academies of the Seventeenth Century

Chapter V: Scientific Instruments of the Seventeenth Century

Chapter VI: The Progress of Astronomy:Tycho Brahe and Kepler

Chapter VII: The Newtonian Synthesis

Chapter VIII: Astronomers and Observatories in the Age of Newton

Chapter IX: Mathematics

Chapter X: Mechanics

Chapter XI: Physics

Chapter XII: Physics

Chapter XIII: Physics

Chapter XIV: Meteorology

Chapter XV: Chemistry

Chapter XVI: Geology

Chapter XVII: Geography

Chapter XVIII: The Biological Sciences

Chapter XIX: Medicine

Chapter XX: Technology

Chapter XXI: Technology

Chapter XXII: Technology

Chapter XXIII: Technology

Chapter XXIV: Psychology

Chapter XXV: The Social Sciences

Chapter XXVI: Philosophy

Index
10 .

The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition: An Encyclopedia ("The Copernican Revolution" begins on p. 334)
by Darrel W. Amundsen, Gary B. Ferngren, Edward J. Larson, Anne-Marie E. Nakhla. 587 pgs.

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Spanning from 5th century Greece to today, this volume describes the relationship of science and religion throughout history. From ancient cosmology to modern physics, every major intellectual movement and discipline is covered.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part I: The Relationship of Science and Religion

1: The Historiography of Science and Religion

2: The Conflict of Science and Religion

Bibliography

3: The Demarcation of Science and Religion

4: Epistemology

5: Causation

6: Views of Nature

7: God, Nature, and Science

8: Varieties of Providentialism

Bibliography

9: Natural Theology

10: The Design Argument

Bibliography

11: Miracles

Bibliography

12: Theodicy

13: Genesis and Science

14: Nineteenth-Century Biblical Criticism

Part II: Biographical Studies

15: Galileo Galilei

16: Blaise Pascal

17: Isaac Newton

18: Charles Darwin

Part III: Intellectual Foundations and Philosophical Backgrounds

19: Plato and Platonism

Bibliography

20: Aristotle and Aristotelianism

Bibliography

21: Atomism

Bibliography

22: Epicureanism

23: Stoicism

24: Augustine of Hippo

25: Thomas Aquinas and Thomism

26: Skepticism

27: Cartesianism

28: Mechanical Philosophy

29: The Cambridge Platonists

30: Deism

Bibliography

31: The Enlightenment

32: Baconianism

33: German Nature Philosophy

34: Materialism

35: Atheism

36: Positivism

Bibliography

37: Pragmatism

38: Evolutionary Ethics

39: Scientific Naturalism

40: Secular Humanism

Bibliography

41: Process Philosophy and Theology

Bibliography

42: The Social Construction of Science

43: Gender

44: Postmodernism

Part IV: Specific Religious Traditions and Chronological Periods

45: Judaism to 1700

46: Early Christian Attitudes Toward Nature

47: Islam

48: Medieval Science and Religion

49: Orthodoxy

50: Roman Catholicism Since Trent

51: Early-Modern Protestantism

52: Judaism Since 1700

53: Modern American Mainline Protestantism

54: Evangelicalism and Fundamentalism

55: America's Innovative Nineteenth-Century Religions

56: Creationism Since 1859

Part V: Astronomy and Cosmology

57: The Calendar

58: Comets and Meteors

Bibliography

59: Pre-Copernican Astronomy

60: The Copernican Revolution

61: The Eternity of the World

62: The Plurality of Worlds and Extraterrestrial Life

63: Macrocosm/Microcosm

64: Cosmogonies from 1700 to 1900

Bibliography

65: Geocentricity

66: Flat-Earthism

67: Twentieth-Century Cosmologies

68: The Anthropic Principle

Bibliography

Part VI: The Physical Sciences

69: Physics

70: Chemistry

Bibliography

71: Electricity

72: Chaos Theory

Part VII: The Earth Sciences

73: Theories of the Earth and Its Age Before Darwin

Bibliography

74: The Genesis Flood

75: Geology and Paleontology from 1700 to 1900

Bibliography

76: Uniformitarianism and Actualism

Bibliography

77: Geography

78: Earthquakes

79: Meteorology

80: Ecology and the Environment

Part VIII: The Biological Sciences

81: Natural History

Bibliography

82: The Great Chain of Being

83: Taxonomy

84: The Origin and Unity of the Human Race

85: Evolution

86: Anatomy and Physiology to 1700

87: Premodern Theories of Generation

88: Genetics

89: Eugenics

Part IX: Medicine and Psychology

90: Medicine

91: Epidemic Diseases

92: European Psychology

93: Psychology in America

94: Theories of Religious Insanity in America

95: Phrenology

96: Theories of the Soul

Part X: The Occult Sciences

97: Astrology

Bibliography

98: Magic and the Occult

Bibliography

99: Alchemy

Bibliography

100: Hermeticism

101: Numbers

102: The Cabala

Bibliography

103: Spiritualism

Bibliography

Index
11 .

Foundations of Modern Cosmology ("Copernicus" begins on p. 34)
by John F. Hawley, Katherine A. Holcomb. 508 pgs.

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Recent discoveries in astronomy, especially those made with data collected by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer and the Hubble Space Telescope, have brought the science of cosmology to the forefront of public interest. These new observations suggest the tantalizing possibility that the solutions to some of history's most elusive mysteries might be found in the near future, making modern cosmology a topic that holds special interest for scientists and nonscientists alike. Foundations of Modern Cosmology provides a highly accessible, thorough, and descriptive introduction to the historical development of and the physical basis for the modern big bang theory. This new textbook is ideal for electives that follow traditional introductory astronomy courses. It is intended to fill the gap between the many popular-level books, which can generally provide only a superficial treatment of the subject, and the advanced texts intended for students with strong backgrounds in physics and mathematics. The text is self-contained, appropriate for a one-semester course, and designed to be understandable to students with a grasp of elementary algebra. Emphasis is given to the scientific framework for cosmology, particularly the basic concepts of physics that underlie modern theories of relativity and cosmology; the importance of data and observations is stressed throughout. The text is divided into five major sections: historical background, a review of basic physics and astronomy, relativity, fundamental big bang theory, and current research areas, including structure formation, inflation, and quantum cosmology. Review questions, key terms, and an extensive glossary provide students with helpful study aids. In addition, the authors' website (http://astsun.astro.virginia.edu/~jh8h/Foundations) offers a wealth of supplemental information, including additional questions, references to other sources, and color NASA photographs.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Part I: History

Chapter 1

Chapter 2: Cosmology Becomes a Science

Chapter 3: Newton's Machine

Part II: Background

Chrpter 4: Lighting the Worlds

Chapter 5: The Lives of the Stars

Part III: Relativity

Chapter 6: Infinite Space and Absolute Time

Chapter 7: The Special Theory of Relativity

Chapter 8: The General Theory of Relativity

Chapter 9: Black Holes

Part IV: The Big Bang

Chapter 10: The Expanding Universe

Chapter 11: Modeling the Universe

Chapter 12: Darkness and the Expanding Universe

Chapter 13: The Early Universe

Part V: The Continuing Quest

Chapter 14: Dark Matter and Large-Scale Structure

Chapter 15: The Inflationary Universe

Chapter 16: The Edge of Time

Appendix A: Some Useful Numbers

Appendix B: Scientific Notation

Appendix C: Units

Glossary

Bibliography

Index
12 .

Wittgenstein's Copernican Revolution: The Question of Linguistic Idealism
by Ilham Dilman. 226 pgs.

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Table of Contents

Detailed Table of Contents

Introduction

1: Realism and Its Rejection: Wittgenstein's Copernican Revolution

2: The Dangers in Rejecting Realism: Linguistic Idealism

3: Wittgenstein and Linguistic Idealism

4: Bernard Williams: Wittgenstein and Idealism

5: Bernard Williams: a Sophisticated Realism

6: G. E. M. Anscombe: Was Wittgenstein a Linguistic Idealist?

7: Cora Diamond: Wittgenstein and the Realistic Spirit in Philosophy

8: Hilary Putnam: Metaphysical and Internal Realism

9: Hilary Putnam: Ethics and Reality

10: Conclusion: Reality and Human Life

Notes

Bibliography

Index
13 .

The Power of the Written Word: The Role of Literacy in the History of Western Civilization (Chap. 13 "From Copernicus to Newton")
by Alfred Burns. 382 pgs.

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Studia Classica

Table of Contents

Preface

1: Introduction

Notes

2: Mesopotamia: The First Civilization

Notes

3: The Aegean Bronze Age

Notes

4: Dark Age and Rebirth

Notes

5: The Fifth Century

Notes

6: The Fourth Century - Plato and Aristotle

Notes

7: The Hellenistic Period

Notes

8: Hellenism and the Jews

Notes

9: Hellenism and Roman Literacy

Notes

10: Christianity and the Late Empire

Notes

11: The Renaissance: Humanism

Notes

12: The Renaissance: Science

Notes

13: From Copernicus to Newton

Notes

14: The 18th Century

Notes

15: The Nineteenth Century: Supremacy of the Printed Word

Notes

Epilogue: Present and Future

Notes

Appendix

Notes

Bibliography

Index
14 .

Kant's Newtonian Revolution in Philosophy (Chap. 6 "Kant, Copernicus, and the Copernican Revolution in Philosophy")
by Robert Hahn. 146 pgs.

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The Journal of the History of Philosophy Monograph Series

Chapter 1

Chapter2: Kant's Use of the Term "Revolution"

Chapter 3: Experiment and the Revolution in Science According to the B Preface of 1787

C Hapter 4: A Brief Survey of The Secondary Literature on the Expression "Kant's Copernican Revolution"

C Hapter 5: Kant's Revolution and The Ambiguous Use of Hypotheses

Chapter 6: Kant, Copernicus, and The Copernican Revolution in Philosophy

Chapter 7: Rethinking the Revolutionary Contributions Of Copernicus and Galileo To the Natural Science That Kant Understood

Chapter 8: Kant's Copernican Hypothesis: Science, Metaphysics, and the Pursuit Of Synthetic a Priori Judgments

Chapter 9: Kant's Newtonian Revolution: Transcendental Arguments and the Requirement Of Demonstration in the Critique

Epilogue

Notes

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