Lexicography

Lexicography - the applied study of the meaning, evolution, and function of the vocabulary units of a language for the purpose of compilation in book form—in short, the process of dictionary making. Early lexicography, practiced from the 7th cent. b.c. in Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome, was reserved for abstruse words of specific disciplines. General lexicography originated in the 16th Read More...

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Lexicography

1 .

Lexicography: An Introduction
by Howard Jackson. 198 pgs.

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This book is an accessible introduction to lexicography - the study of dictionaries.Dictionaries are used at home and at school, cited in law courts, sermons and parliament, and referred to by crossword addicts and scrabble players alike. Lexicography provides a detailed overview of the history, types and content of these essential references. Howard Jackson analyses a wide range of dictionaries, from those for native speakers to thematic dictionaries and those on CD-ROM, to reveal the ways in which dictionaries fulfil their dual function of describing the vocabulary of English and providing a useful and accessible reference resource.Beginning with an introduction to the terms used in lexicology to describe words and vocabulary, and offering summaries and suggestions for further reading, Lexicography: An Introduction is highly student-friendly. It is ideal for anyone with an interest in the development and use of dictionaries.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

Dictionaries Cited

1: Words

2: Facts about Words

3: The Dictionary

4: The Beginnings

5: The New English Dictionary

6: Up to the Present

7: Users and Uses

8: Meaning in Dictionaries

9: Beyond Definition

10: Etymology

11: Dictionaries for Learners

12: Abandoning the Alphabet

13: Compiling Dictionaries

14: Criticising Dictionaries

References

Index
2 .

Ambrose Bierce: The Devil's Lexicographer
by Paul K. Fatout. 349 pgs.

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Title Page

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contents

Illustrations

1: The First of All Disasters -- 1842-55

2: Youth -- 1855-61

3: A Blood-Stained Period --1861-65

4: Peace -- 1865

5: Snow-Capped Mountains -- 1866

6: Cynic -- 1867-72

7: Exile -- 1872-75

8: Rational -- 1875-79

9: I Will Spit on My Hands -- 1880

10: Iconoclast -- 1881-86

11: To Hate Rascals -- 1887-88

12: When the Young Die -- 1888-89

13: Discriminate -- 1890-93

14: Friendless -- 1893-96

15: The Company He Organizes -- 1896

16: Famous -- 1897-99

17: Washingtontan -- 1900-1903

18: Not Always in Harmony -- 1903-1905

19: Present -- 1906-1908

20: Road -- 1908-10

21: Disappointments -- 1911-12

22: Distance from Hell -- 1913

23: End -- 1914-50

Bibliography

Index
3 .

Vocabulary: Applied Linguistic Perspectives (Chap. 6 "Lexis and Lexicography")
by Ronald Carter. 320 pgs.

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Vocabulary has been one of the growth areas of language study over the past three decades. This edition updates progress in key areas of language description and applied linguistics, with updated chapters on vocabulary and language teaching.

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Title Page

Contents

List of Figures and Tables

Acknowledgements

Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Part I: Foundations

1: What's in a Word

Notes

2: The Notion of Core Vocabulary

3: Words and Patterns

Notes

4: Lexis and Discourse

Part II: Reviews

5: Lexis and Literary Stylistics

6: Lexis and Lexicography

Notes

7: Learning and Teaching Vocabulary

Part III: Case Studies

8: Case Study: Lexis, Tones and Ironies

9: Case Study: Style, Lexis and the Dictionary

Bibliography

Bibliography of Dictionaries

Bibliography of Language Corpora

Index
4 .

An Encyclopaedia of Language (Chap. 19 "Language as Words: Lexicography")
by N. E.Collinge. 1012 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

Editor’s Introduction

Part A: The Inner Nature of Language

1: Language as Available Sound: Phonetics

References

Further Reading

2: Language as Organised Sound: Phonology

References

3: Language as Form and Pattern: Grammar and Its Categories

References

4: Language as a Mental Faculty: Chomsky’s Progress

5: Language, Meaning and Sense: Semantics

6: Language, Meaning and Context: Pragmatics

References

7: Language as a Written Medium: Text

8: Language as a Spoken Medium: Conversation and Interaction

References

9: Language Universalsand Language Types

Part B: The Larger Province of Language

10: Language and Mind: Psycholinguistics

Further Reading

11: Language in the Brain: Neurolinguistics

12: The Breakdown of Language: Language Pathology and Therapy

13: Language and Behaviour: Anthropological Linguistics

References

14: Language in Society: Sociolinguistics

References

Further Reading

15: Second Languages: How They Are Learned and Taught

16: Language in Education

17: Language and Literature

References

18: Language and Computation

Part C: Special Aspects of Language

19: Language as Words: Lexicography

References

20: Language and Writing-Systems

References

21: Sign Language

References

22: Language and Its Students: The History of Linguistics

References

23: Language Engineering: Special Languages

24: Language as It Evolves: Tracing Its Forms and Families

Further Reading

25: Language as Geography

References

26: Languages of the World: Who Speaks What

Index of Topics and Technical Terms

Index of Names
5 .

Language Exploration and Awareness: A Resource Book for Teachers (Chap. 5 "Words and Lexicography")
by Larry Andrews. 320 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

NOTES

Introduction

SECTION I: Language Exploration and Awareness: The Rationale

Chapter 1: Language Exploration and Awareness: What It Is

NOTES

Chapter 2: Language Exploration and Awareness: Why It Is

NOTES

Chapter 3: Language Exploration and Awareness: Three Prerequisites

NOTES

SECTION II: Language Exploration and Awareness: The Elements

Chapter 4: Properties of Communication and Language

NOTES

Chapter 5: Words and Lexicography

NOTES

Chapter 6: Grammar, Spelling, and "Good English"

NOTES

Chapter 7: Discourse Routines and Social Conventions

NOTES

Chapter 8: Regional, Social, and Historical Variations

NOTES

Chapter 9: Meanings and General Semantics

NOTES

Chapter 10: The Languages of Intolerance and Discrimination

NOTES

Chapter 11: When Some of Them Don't Speak English

NOTES

Bibliography

Index
6 .

What Is Language? And Other Teaching Units for Grades Seven Through Twelve ("Lexicography from Cawdrey to Webster's Third" begins on p. 170)
by Edward B. Jenkinson. 246 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

Acknowledgments

Introduction

What is Language?

So What's a Dictionary For?

How Words Are Formed

How Words Change Meaning in Time and Context His Chapter Was Written By

Grade 9: An Introduction to Phonetic Alphabets and to Morphemes Through Prefixes and Suffixes

Grade 10: American Dialects

Grade 10: Why Worry About Meaning?

Grade 11: A Suggestion for a Unit on the History of the English Language

Grade 11: Lexicography from Cawdrey to Webster's Third

Grade 12: Nothing Moves Without Translation

A Selected Bibliography

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Appendix D
7 .

English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History (Chap. 4 "The Role of the Computer in Learner Lexicography")
by A. P. Cowie. 234 pgs.

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This is the first history of dictionaries of English for foreign learners, from their origins in Japan and East Asia in the 1920s to the computerized compilations of the present. Monolingual dictionaries for foreign speakers were a revolutionary development at their outset, and now represent a coming-together of intellectual, technological and commercial forces almost unequalled in book publishing. As the author shows, the early history of EFL dictionaries was research-driven, arising directly from research in linguistic theory and language pedagogy; now it is user-driven, determined by what users require or are thought to require. The pioneering dictionaries were the work of individuals. Current dictionaries are the products of huge databases manipulated by sophisticated processing, as publishers strive to share an immense and constantly growing global market. The book has both a thematic and a chronological structure. Three chapters describe the historical sequence over a period of some sixty years. These alternate with chapters dealing with phraseology, computers and corpus linguistics, and research into dictionary users and uses - three subjects central to the development of ELT dictionaries over the last thirty years. Dr Cowie examines the way in which availability of massive computing power has transformed the recording and analysis of current speech, and shows how the growth of research into the users and uses of dictionaries has led to developments both in ELT lexicography and method. This readable and non-technical account is directed both at professionals in applied linguistics and English language teaching, and at lexicographers, but it will interest and fascinate everyone concerned with the analysis of English and faced with the challenge of recording of the subtelties of its grammar and meaning.

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Title Page

Publisher's Acknowledgement

Acknowledgements

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Abbreviations

Chronological List of Dictionaries Analysed

Introduction

Conclusion

1: The Genesis of the Learner's Dictionary

1.5. Conclusion

2: Phraseology and the Learner's Dictionary

2.8. Conclusion

3.1. Introduction

3: The Second Generation of Learners' Dictionaries

3.5. Conclusion

4.1. Introduction

4.7. Conclusion

5: The Third Generation of Learners' Dictionaries

5.1. Introduction

5.7. Conclusion

6. 1. Introduction

6: Focus on the Dictionary User

Postscript

References

Index
8 .

Automating the Lexicon: Research and Practice in a Multilingual Environment
by Nicoletta Calzolari, Donald E. Walker, Antonio Zampolli. 413 pgs.

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Computational lexicography is a fast-growing field with implications for a wide range of disciplines--theoretical linguistics, computational linguistics, cognitive science and artificial intelligence--as well as for the construction of dictionaries. These papers provide a baseline and a reference point for further research on problems associated with the lexicon. Based on the groundbreaking Grosetto Workshop, the collection addresses many issues that are still debated today and that guide current research and development.

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Title Page

We Wish to Dedicate This Book to Don Walker. . . .

Contents

List of Contributors

1: Introduction

2: Identifying the Linguistic Foundations for Lexical Research and Dictionary Design Richard Hudson

3: Approaches to Lexical Semantic Representation

4: Lexical Information for Parsing Systems: Points of Convergence and Divergence

5: The Lexicon in Text Generation

6: Dictionary Systems for Office Practice

7: The Role of Dictionaries and Machine-Readable Lexicons

8: Machine-Readable Dictionaries and Education

9: Why Use Words to Label Ideas: the Uses of Dictionaries and Thesauri in Information Retrieval

10: Machine-Readable Dictionaries and Computational Linguistics Research

11: Structure and Access in an Automated Lexicon and Related Issues

12: Automated Lexical Resources in Europe: a Survey

Index
9 .

Lexical Acquisition: Exploiting On-Line Resources to Build a Lexicon
by Uri Zernik. 430 pgs.

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Title Page

Contents

Preface

1. Introduction

1.1 Introduction: a Lexical Bottleneck

1.5 Conclusions

Bibliography

Part I Lexical Senses

2. Making Sense of Lexical Acquisition

2.1 Introduction

2.6 Conclusion

2.5 Summary

Bibliography

3.1 Introduction

3. Lexical Acquisition and Information Retrieval

3.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

4.1 Introduction

4. Using Context for Sense Preference

4.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Bibliography

5. Train1 Vs. Train2: Tagging Word Senses in Corpus: Uri Zernik Artificial Intelligence Laboratory General Electric - Research and Development Center

Part II Lexical Statistics

6. Using Statistics in Lexical Analysis

6.5 Conclusion

Bibliography

7. Macrocoding the Lexicon with Co-Occurrence Knowledge

7.6 Summary and Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

8. Lexical Databases and Textual Corpora: Perspectives of Integration for a Lexical Knowledge Base

Part III Lexical Representation

9. Wordnet: a Lexical Database Organized on Psycholinguistic Principles

9.1 Introduction

10. Admitting Impediments

10.5 Conclusion

Bibliography

11. Conceptual Basis of the Lexicon in Machine Translation

11.9 Summary

Bibliography

12. Lexical Acquisition Through Symbol Recirculation in Distributed Connectionist Networks

12.5 Conclusions

Bibliography

Part IV Lexical Semantics

13. Acquiring a Semantic Lexicon for Natural Language Processing

13.4 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

14. Lexicons for Broad Coverage Semantics

Bibliography

14.5 Acknowledgments

15. Representing and Acquiring Metaphor-Based Polysemy

15.1 Introduction

Authors

Index
10 .

Lexicography and Physicke: The Record of Sixteenth-Century English Medical Terminology (Chap. 4 "Early Lexicographers: Elyot to Bullokar")
by R. W. McConchie. 448 pgs.

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Medical practitioners of the sixteenth century had their own body of special terms, just like the doctors of this century. McConchie here examines medical terminology used in a selection of thirteen medical works published between 1530 and 1612, and compares it with the treatment of these words in the OED and other dictionaries of today. His study reveals errors, omissions, and biases that raise important questions for lexicographical tools in general.

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Title Page

Acknowledgements

Contents

Abbreviations

I: Introduction

Notes

2: The Inadequacy of English

Notes

3: Language and Authority

Notes

4: The Early Lexicographers: Elyot to Bullokar

Notes

5: New Data for the Oed: Methodological Problems

Notes

6: Antedatings

Notes

7: The Medical Lexicon and the Oed

Notes

Bibliography

Appendix 1,: An Alphabetical List by Author of the Data Excerpted

Notes

Appendix 2: Graphs of the Lengths of Antedatings by Author

Appendix 3: Medical Antedatings

Index
11 .

Standard English: The Widening Debate (Chap. 3 "Typography, Lexicography, and the Development of the Idea of 'Standard English'")
by Tony Bex, Richard J. Watts. 312 pgs.

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Standard English draws together the leading international scholars in the field, who confront the debates surrounding 'Standard English', grammar and correctness head-on.These debates are as intense today as ever and extend far beyond an academic context. Current debates about the teaching of English in the school curriculum and concerns about declining standards of English are placed in a historical, social and international context. Standard English :* explores the definitions of 'Standard English', with particular attention to distinctions between spoken and written English* traces the idea of 'Standard English' from its roots in the late seventeenth century through to the present day.This is an accessible, seminal work which clarifies an increasingly confused topic. It includes contributions from: Ronald Carter, Jenny Cheshire, Tony Crowley, James Milroy, Lesley Milroy and Peter Trudgill.

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Contents

Figures and Tables

Introduction

Part I: Perspectives on the History and Ideology of ‘standard English’

Introduction to Part I

1: The Consequences of Standardisation in Descriptive Linguistics

2: The Social Construction of Standard English: Grammar Writers as a ‘discourse Community’

3: Typography, Lexicography and the Development of the Idea of ‘standard English’

4: Representations of English in Twentieth-Century Britain: Fowler, Gowers and Partridge

Part II: Perspectives on the Spoken Language

Introduction to Part II

5: Standard English: What It Isn’t

6: Spoken Standard English

7: Standard Grammars, Spoken Grammars: Some Educational Implications

Part III: Perspectives from Outside the Uk

Introduction to Part III

8: Standard English and Language Ideology in Britain and the United States

9: The Names of Us English: Valley Girl, Cowboy, Yankee, Normal, Nasal and Ignorant

10: Functions and Forms of English in a European Efl Country

Epilogue

11: Curiouser and Curiouser: Falling Standards in the Standard English Debate

Bibliography

Index
12 .

Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning ("Lexicography" begins on p. 354)
by Michael Byram. 714 pgs.

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The Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning is a handbook dealing with all aspects of contemporary language teaching and its history. Produced specifically for language teaching professionals, it will also prove useful as a reference work for academic studies at postgraduate level.The articles, by international specialists, are arranged alphabetically. They cover teaching in particular countries and in a range of specific languages. Themes covered include:* methods and materials* assessment and testing* contexts and concepts* related disciplines, such as psychology and sociolinguistics.With thematic contents list and detailed index, this is an invaluable resource for anyone with a professional or academic interest in the subject.

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Title Page

Contents

Illustrations

Editorial Team

Introduction

Acknowledgements

Thematic List of Entries

A

References

References

References

Reference

References

References

B

References

References

C

Further Reading

Further Reading

References

Further Reading

Further Reading

D

References

E

Reference

Further Reading

References

References

F

Further Reading

References

G

References

Further Reading

References

References

H

Reference

Bibliography

Further Reading

Further Reading

Further Reading

Further Reading

I

References

J

L

Further Reading

References

References

References

Reference

Further Reading

References

M

References

Reference

References

N

References

Reference

Further Reading

References

References

O

P

Further Reading

References

References

References

Q

References

Reference

R

Further Reading

S

Further Reading

Further Reading

References

Further Reading

References

References

Further Reading

References

Bibliography

References

Further Reading

References

T

Further Reading

References

References

References

References

References

Bibliography

U

V

References

Further Reading

W

References

Index
13 .

The English Language in Modern Times Since 1400 ("The Beginnings of English Lexicography" begins on p. 106)
by Margaret Schlauch. 318 pgs.

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Title Page

CONTENTS

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

PHONETIC SYMBOLS

List of Maps

Chapter I Formation of the National Language: 14th Century Backgrounds

Chapter II Formation of the National Language Continued: 15th and Early 16th Centuries

Chapter III The Literary Language in the 16th Century: Its Words and Its Sounds

Chapter IV Grammatical Structure and Style in the Later Renaissance

Chapter V The Latter 17th and the 18th Centuries

Chapter VI Modern English Dialects and Their Literary Uses

Chapter VII The English Language in the New World

Chapter VIII The English Language Today

Illustrative Materials

GLOSSARY

INDEX
14 .

Chen Beixi, Lu Xiangshan, and Early Tokugawa (1600-1867) Philosophical Lexicography, in Philosophy East & West
by John Allen Tucker, Zhu Xi. 31 pgs.

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