aspect of agriculture concerned with the care and breeding of domestic animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, hogs, and horses. Domestication of wild animal species was a crucial achievement in the prehistoric transition of human civilization from hunting-and-gathering to agriculture. The first domesticated livestock animal seems to have been the sheep, which was tamed around 9000 b.c. in N Iraq. Around 6500 b.c., domestic goats were kept in the same region; about 6000 b.c. the pig was domesticated in Iraq; about 5500 b.c. there were domesticated cattle in SW Iran, and around 3000 b.c. the horse was domesticated in Russia. Nothing is known of the early development of husbandry; selective breeding for the improvement of livestock was already practiced in Roman times. Continuing systematic development and improvement of domestic livestock breeds, established in England following 1760 by Robert Bakewell and others, has been paralleled by advances in animal nutrition and veterinary medicine.

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