1 City (1990 pop. 64,358), seat of Cumberland co., SW Maine, situated on a small peninsula and adjacent land, with a large, deepwater harbor on Casco Bay; settled c.1632, set off from Falmouth and inc. 1786. The largest city in Maine, it is a port of entry, the commercial center of the state, and the rail, highway, shipping, and processing center for a vast farming, lumbering, and resort area. It is the eastern terminus of the Portland-Montreal oil pipeline and a major receiving port for goods destined for Montreal. Portland has shipyards, canneries (especially for fish), printing and publishing firms, foundries, and important lumbering, paper-milling, fishing, chemical, and textile industries. The Univ. of Southern Maine and Westbrook College are in the city, as are numerous museums and a planetarium.

George Cleeve settled in what is now the Portland area to trade c.1632. His post grew in importance, and the settlement known as Falmouth developed; in the late 17th cent. it became a commercial center. It was almost completely destroyed by the British in 1775. Maine's first newspaper, the Falmouth Gazette, was issued in Portland in 1785, and the old lighthouse, established in 1791, is still in use. The city served as state capital from 1820 to 1832. In 1866 a great fire destroyed much of Portland. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (whose house is a landmark) and Robert E. Peary lived here.

2 City (1990 pop. 437,319), seat of Multnomah co., NW Oreg., on the Willamette River near its junction with the Columbia; inc. 1851. The state's largest city, it is a port of entry, a leading financial and industrial center, and an important deepwater port, with shipyards and international trade. Manufactures include lumber, wood products, paper, metals, machinery, computer hardware and software, food items, textiles, clothing, and furniture. Near the city are an international airport and a U.S. air force base.

Portland is the seat of the Univ. of Portland, Concordia College, Lewis and Clark College, Reed College, Warner Pacific College, Portland State Univ., several theological schools, the Oregon Graduate Center, and the Oregon Health Sciences Univ. Portland has museums of art, science and industry, and advertising, a planetarium, a forestry center, a zoo, Japanese and classical Chinese gardens, a symphony orchestra, and a ballet company. The state historical society is here. Important annual events are the rose festival and the Pacific International Livestock Exposition and Rodeo. The city is home to the Trail Blazers (National Basketball Association). The area is noted for its beautiful scenery, and the Columbia River Gorge, Mt. Hood, and Mt. St. Helens are nearby.

Founded in 1845, it was named for Portland, Maine. Its growth was rapid after 1850, when it served as a supply point for the California gold fields, and continued with the coming of the railroad (1883), the Alaska gold rush (1897–1900), and the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition (1905). Unlike many growing western U.S. cities, Portland sharply resisted urban sprawl by drawing a line around the metropolitan area and preserving open space outside it.

See C. Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a 20th-Century City (1983).

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