References that we also suggest for further reading are marked with an aster-
isk (*).

42 CFR 50, subpart A, August 8, 1989.

1995. 42 CFR part 50.

1995. 45 CFR part 64.

Abby, M., et al., 1994. Peer Review Is an Effective Screening Process to Evaluate Med-
ical Manuscripts. JAMA 272: 105–107.

Actuarial Foundation. 1998. Genetic Testing: Implications for Insurance. Actuarial
Foundation, Schaumburg, IL.

Adler, R.G., 1993. Choosing the Form of Legal Protection. In Understanding Biotech-
nology Law, Gale R. Peterson, ed., Marcel Deckker, New York, wpp. 63–86.

Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE), 1995. Final Re-
port. Stock No. 061-000-00-848-9, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Agnew, B., 1999a. NIH Eyes Sweeping Reform of Peer Review. Science 286: 1074–76.

Agnew, B., 1999b. NIH Invites Activists into the Inner Sanctum. Science 283: 1999–
2001.

Agnew, B., 2000. Financial Conflicts Get more Scrutiny at Clinical Trials. Science 289:
1266–67.

Aller, R., and Aller, C., 1997. An Institutional Response to Patient/Family Complaints.
In Ethics in Neurobiological Research with Human Subjects, A. E. Shamoo, (ed.),
Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 155–1172.

Altman, L., 1995. Promises of Miracles: News Releases Go Where Journals Fear to
Tread. New York Times, January 10, C2–C3.

Altman, L.K., 1997. Experts See Bias In Drug Data. New York Times, April 29,
C1–C8.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1980. Principles of Sci-
entific Freedom and Responsibility. AAAS, Washington, DC.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1991. Misconduct in
Science. AAAS, Washington, DC.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2000. Inheritable Ge-
netic Modifications. AAAS, Washington, DC.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)–American Bar Associ-
ation (ABA), 1988. Project on Scientific Fraud and Misconduct. National Confer-
ence of Lawyers and Scientists, Report on Workshop No. 1, AAAS, Washington,
DC.

American Psychological Association. 1992. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and
Code of Conduct. American Psychologist 47: 1597–611.

*American Statistical Association (ASA), 1999. Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Prac-
tice. ASA, Alexandria, VA.

Anderson, W., 1989. Why Draw a Line? Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 14(4):
681–93.

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