Defensor Pacis

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Defensor Pacis

Book by Alan Gewirth, Marsilius of Padua; Columbia University Press, 2001. 468 pgs.

Title Page

Contents

Preface

Introduction: Structure and General Argument

The Basic Themes: Reason, Power, and the People's Will

Religion and Politics

Language and Translation

I: On the General Aim of the Discussion, the Cause of That Aim, and the Division of the Book

II: On the First Questions in This Book, and the Distinction of the Various Meanings of the Term "State"

III: On the Origin of the Civil Community

IV: UN the Final Cause of the State and of Its Civil Requirements, and the Differentiation in General of Its Parts

V: On the Differentiation of the Parts of the State, and the Necessity of Their Separate Existence for an End Discoverable by Man

VI: On the Final Cause of a Certain Part of the State, the Priesthood, Shown from the Immediate Teaching or Revelation of God, but Incapable of Being Proved by Human Reason

VII: On the Other Kinds of Causes of the Separate Existence of the Parts of the State, and the Division of Each Kind in Two Ways Relevant to Our Purpose

VIII: On the Genera of Polities or Regimes, the Temperate and the Diseased, and the Division of Their Species

IX: On the Methods of Establishing a Kingly Monarchy, and Which Method Is the More Perfect; Also on the Methods of Establishing the Other Kinds of Regime or Polity, Both Temperate and Diseased

X: On the Distinction of the Meanings of the Term "Law," and on the Meaning Which Is Most Proper and Intended by Us

XI: On the Necessity for Making Laws (Taken in Their Most Proper Sense); and That No Ruler, However Virtuous or Just, Should Rule without Laws

XII: On the Demonstrable Efficient Cause of Human Laws

XIII: On Some Objections to the Statements Made in the Preceding Chapter, and Their Refutation, Together with a Fuller Exposition of the Proposition

XIV: On the Qualities or Dispositions of the Perfect Ruler, That It May Be Known What Kind of Person Should Be Named to the Rulership Whence There Appears Also the Appropriate Matter or Subject of Human Laws

XV: On the Efficient Cause of the Best Method of Establishing the Government; from Which There Also Appears the Efficient Cause of the Other Parts of the State

XVI: Whether It Is More Expedient for the Polity to Appoint Each Monarch Individually by a New Election, or to Elect One Monarch Alone with All His Posterity, Which Is Usually Called Hereditary Succession

XVII: On the Numerial Unity of the Supreme Government of the City or State, and the Necessity for That Unity; Whence There Appears Also the Numerical Unity of the City or State Itself, and of Each of Its Primary Parts or Offices

XVIII: On the Correction of the Ruler, and for What Cause, How, and by Whom He Must Be Punished When He Transgresses the Law

XIX: On the Efficient Causes of the Tranquillity and Intranquillity of the City or State, and on That Singular Cause Which Disturbs States in an Unusual Way

I: On Three Impediments or Modes of Opposition to the Truths Contained in This Discourse; the Aim of the Discussion; and the Method of Procedure

II: On the Distinction of the Meanings of the Words or Terms Which Compose the Questions to Be Decided

III: On the Canonic Statements and Other Arguments

IV: On the Canonic Scriptures?

V: On the Canonic Utterances of the Apostles and the Expositions of the Saints and Doctors, Which Clearly Prove the Same as in the Preceding Chapter

VI: On the Authority of the Priestly Keys, and What Kind of Power the Priest or Bishop Has in Excommunication

VII: Summary of the Statements Made in the Preceding Chapter, and Their Clarification and Confirmation

VIII: On the Division of Human Acts, and How They Are Related to Human Law and the Judge of This World

IX: On the Relation of Human Acts to Divine Law and to the Judge of the Other World, Namely Christ; and Also How These Acts Are Related to the Teacher of the Same Law, the Bishop or Priest, in This World

X: On the Coercive Judge of Heretics, Namely to Whom It Pertains to Judge Heretics in This World, to Correct Them, to Inflict on Them Penalties in Person and in Property, and to Exact and Dispose of These Penalties

XI: On Some Signs, Testimonies, and Examples from Both Canonic and Human Writings

XII: On the Differentiation of the Meanings of Certain Terms Necessary for the Determination of Questions concerning the Status of Supreme Poverty

XIII: On the Status of Supreme Poverty, Which Is Usually Called Evangelical Perfection; and That This Status Was Held by Christ and His Apostles

XIV: On Some Objections to the Conclusions of the Preceding Chapter, the Refutation of These Objections, and Confirmation of the Statements Made in That Chapter

XV: On the Differentiation of the Priestly Office According to Its Essential and Accidental, Separable and Inseparable Authority

XVI: On the Equality of the Apostles in Each Office?

XVII: On the Authority to Appoint the Bishops and Other Ministers and Curates of the Church to Each of Their Dignities or Offices, the Seprable and the Inseparable

XVIII: On the Origin and First Status of the Christian Church, and Whence the Roman Bishop and Church Assumed the Above- Mentioned Authority and a Certain Primacy over the Other Bishops and Churches

XIX: On Certain Preliminary Considerations Needed for the Determination of the Aforementioned Authority and Primacy: What Statements or Writings It Is Necessary to Believe in and to Acknowledge as True for the Sake of Eternal Salvation

XX: To Whom Belongs or Has Belonged the Authority to Define or Determine Doubtful Sentences of the Holy Scripture

XXI: The Council to Make Decrees

XXII: In What Sense the Roman Bishop and His Church Are the Head and Leader of the Others; and by What Authority This Headship Belongs to Them

XXIII: On the Modes of Plenitude of Power, and the Manner and Order of Their Assumption by the Roman Bishop, Together with a General Statement of How He Has Used and Still Uses Them

XXIV: How in Particular the Roman Bishop Has Used His Assumed Primacy and Plenitude of Power within the Limits of the Church or the Priestly Household

XXV: How in Particular the Roman Bishop Has Used His Assumed Primacy and Plenitude of Power outside the Limits of the Church, with Respect to Laymen or Civil Affairs

XXVI: How the Roman Bishop Has Used This Plenary Power and Primacy Still More Particularly with Regard to the Roman Ruler and Empire

XXVII: On Some Objections to the Conclusions of Chapter XV of This Discourse and of the Chapters Following

XXVIII: Replies to the Foregoing Objection

Discourse Three I Review of the Principal Aims and Conclusions of Discourses I and Ii, and Their Connection with What Is to Follow

II: In Which Are Explicitly Inferred Certain Conclusions Which Follow Necessarily from the Results Set Forth in the First Two Discourses by Heeding These Conclusions, Rulers and Subjects Can More Easily Attain the End Aimed at by This Book

III: On the Title of This Book 43i Appendices Appendix I on Marsilius' Misinterpretations of Some Texts of Aristotle

Appendix II: Natural Desire, the Unity of the Intellect, and Political Averroism

Afterword

Bibliography, I950-2000

Index

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Defensor Pacis

Book by Alan Gewirth, Marsilius of Padua; Columbia University Press, 2001

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Book by Alan Gewirth, Marsilius of Padua; Columbia University Press, 2001

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