Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas

1. Caesar Farah, Islam (Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's, 1994), 307.

1. Joseph Dupuis, Journal of a Residence in Ashantee (London: Henry Colburn, 1824), part 2, chap. 8, p. xiv.

2. John O. Hunwick, “The Influence of Arabic in West Africa,” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (1964): 24.

3. Theophilus Conneau, A Slaver's Log Book or Twenty Years' Residence in Africa (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976), 141.

4. Theodore Dwight, “Condition and Character of Negroes in Africa,” in The People of Africa: A Series of Papers on Their Character, Condition, and Future Prospects, ed. Henry Schieffelin (New York: A. D. F. Randolph, 1871), 52–53.

5. Ibid.

6. Michael Crowder, The Story of Nigeria (London: Faber & Faber, 1973), 106–7.

7. Jean Baptiste Léonard Durand, Voyage au Sénégal fait dans les années 1785 et 1786 (Paris: Dentu, 1807), vol. 1, 123.

8. Baron Roger, Kélédor, histoire africaine (Paris: Nepveu, 1828), xi.

9. Oskar Lenz, Tombouctou, voyage au Maroc, au Sahara et au Soudan (Paris: Hachette, 1887), vol. 2, 119.

10. Lamin Sanneh, The Crown and the Turban: Muslims in West African Pluralism(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997), 148.

11. Gaspard Theodore Mollien, L'Afrique occidentale en 1818 (1820; reprint, Paris: Calman Levy, 1967), 103.

12. Francis Moore, Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa (London: E. Cave, 1738), 30.

13. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1680 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 87–88.

14. Moore, Travels, 30.

15. Ibid., 50.

16. Ibid.

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