Index
References in italics refer to figures.| abundance: body size and, 392–93; distribution and, 469–70, 471; log abundance plots (normal distributions), 259, 267; macroecology and frequency of trait distribution, 388; niche theory and, 267; as proxy for ecosystem function, 592; rank-abundance curves, 258; relative, 258–59, 469–70; species abundance distribution, 264, 266–67, 466; species co-occurrence and, 268–69; “veil line” and sampling of, 266–67 | |
| acidification: acid rain, 343, 354; hysteresis and, 404; of marine ecosystems, 411, 482, 499, 512, 548, 552–53, 555, 619; nitrogen cycling and, 353–54 | |
| activation energy, 393 | |
| adaptation: adaptive syndromes, 464, 466, 467, 468, 470, 472; antibodies as adaptive response, 18; balanced polymorphism, 93; character adaptation, 93; character adjustment, 270; developmental constraints and, 93; to dispersal, 43–44; environmental change and, 108; vs. exaptation, 94; geographic variation and, 98–99; gradualism and, 93, 94, 99; macroevolutionary, 95, 97; microevolutionary, 95; modularity and, 93, 94; molecular population genetics and, 97–99; natural selection and, 2, 102; polymorphism and, 99; as process, 93; selfish genetic elements, 93, 94, 99–100; to stressful habitats, 25. See also adaptive radiation; phenotypic plasticity | |
| Adaptation and Natural Selection (Williams), 62 | |
| adaptive management, 522, 619, 623, 680–81; PVAs and, 526–27, 680, plate 16 | |
| adaptive plasticity. See phenotypic plasticity | |
| adaptive radiation, 2, 123, 129, 143–44, plates 3 and 4; behavioral plasticity and, 150; climate change and, 148; coevolution, 144–45; colonization and, 144, 148–50; competition and, 143; current examples of, 146–48; dispersal and, 148–50; divergence and, 123, 144, 150–51, 152; ecological release and, 150; environmental or landscape changes and, 143, 144; experimental manipulation and, 143, 148, 152; extrinsic factors and, 143; founder events and, 150; gene flow and, 151; habitat availability and, 144; hybridization and, 151; initiation of, 148–50; key innovations and, 17–18, 143, 144–45; likelihood of, 146; linked to emergence of new, isolated habitats, 145–46; molecular basis for, 152; molecular research and, 143; phenotypic plasticity and, 150; predation and, 151; sexual selection and, 151; speciation and, 143 | |
| adaptive syndromes, 464, 466, 467, 468, 470, 472 | |
| aesthetic services, 574, 575, 576, 611, 647, 652, 661, 662, 667, 671, 675; conservation efforts targeting, 675 | |
| agriculture and agroecosystems, 597; agricultural landscapes, 436; artificial fertilizers and nutrient imbalance, 296, 336–37, 399, | |
| 411–12, 553–54, 582, 599–601, 603, 620, 631, 713, 716, 724, 728; biodiversity and, 602–3, 727; biological controls and, 598–99, 683–88; climate regulation and, 475–77, 601–2, 727, 728; croplands (arable land), 724, 725; crop types, 725–26; cultural services provided by, 598; deforestation linked to, 58, 452, 722, 727; disease regulation and, 602; ecological management strategies and, 599, 601, 603–4, 661, 665; ecosystem services in, 573, 597–604; extensification, 724; fertilizers and nutrient enrichment, 296, 336–37, 352, 353, 399, 411, 553, 555, 582, 599–603, 726–28, 729; fire frequency changes linked to, 454; forest plantations (agroforestry), 567, 597, 603, 608, 729; habitat fragmentation and, 423, 563–64, 727; herbicide tolerant crops, 665; human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP) and, 727; hydrologic cycle and, 600–601; infectious diseases and, 722, 729; intensification, 724, 726–27; irrigation, 476, 480, 601, 704, 726–27, 728; land area devoted to, 597, 725; land use and landscape changes linked to, 475–77, 724, 729–30, plate 23; nutrient cycling, 599–600, 727; pasture lands and grazing, 725, plates 9, 23; pest control in, 211, 598–99; pollination and, 599; as polycultures, 597, 598; provisioning services provided by, 597; regulating services affected by, 597–98, 600–602; supporting services provided by, 598–600; support of biodiversity by, 598; technology and productivity of, 660, 665, 727–28 | |
| air quality, 653, 664–65 | |
| airsheds, 347 | |
| albedo, 614; climate and planetary, 553, 609, 615, 665 | |
| alien species. See invasive species | |
| Allee distribution model, 39 | |
| Allee effect, 59, 60, 514, 517 | |
| Allen’s rule, 91, 131 | |
| allometry, 34–35, 392, 515 | |
| allopatry, 88, 135, 141, 494 | |
| alternative stable states, 395, 548–49, 555, 568; alternative dynamic regimes and complexity of real world systems, 398–99; catastrophic shifts and, 395–401, 402; competition as mechanism for, 400–401; cusp bifurcation and, 398, 399; experimental evidence for, 403–5; facilitation as mechanism for, 400; fold bifurcations and, 396–97; hysteresis and, 397–98; management applications of, 405–6; overexploitation as mechanism for, 401; path dependency and, 403–4, 405; resilience and, 398, 405–6; restoration ecology and, 568, 569; in shallow lakes, 403–4; signatures of, 401–5; spatial boundaries and, 401–2; stability landscapes, 397–98 | |
| altruism, 59; evolution of, 60–62; fitness and, 107; Hamilton’s rule for kin selection, 61; kin selection and, 63; mutualism contrasted with, 236–37; phenotypic selection and, 107; reciprocal altruism, 61, 63 | |
| amensalism, 233 | |
| anatomy. See functional morphology | |
| ancestral state reconstructions, 271 | |
| antagonistic pleiotropy, 77 | |
| antibiotic resistance, 115, 130 | |
| antifreeze proteins, 15 | |
| aphotic zones (in lakes), 348 | |
| aquaculture, 505, 549, 550–51, 555, 662, 673 | |
| aquatic ecosystems: acidification of, 322, 354, 411, 482, 499, 512, 552–53, 619; climate change and, 559; concentration of pollutants in, 527, 549, 553, 631; glaciers, snow, and ice caps as repositories of water, 627, 703, 704–5; hypertrophic, 712–13; lake, pond, and reservoir ecosystems, 627; as mesotrophic, 712–13; as oligotrophic, 352, 383–84, 488, 490–91, 495, 505, 712, 713; runningwater ecosystems, 627, 716–17; trophic conversion in, 298; wetlands, 627. See also marine ecosystems | |
| area sampling for patterns of biodiversity, 468, 472–73 | |
| armpit effect, 63 | |
| assessments: collection and dissemination of information linked to, 755–56; communicative function of, 755; design of, 757–58; framing of, 756; operational process and, 756–57; participation and, 756; policy and, 755; as political instruments, 759; purposes and functions of, 755; standards of evidence |
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Publication information:
Book title: The Princeton Guide to Ecology.
Contributors: Simon A. Levin - Editor.
Publisher: Princeton University Press.
Place of publication: Princeton, NJ.
Publication year: 2012.
Page number: 793.
This material is protected by copyright and, with the exception of fair use, may not be further copied, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means.
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