1. Thomas McAdory Owen, History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama
Biography ( 4 vols., Chicago, 1921); Willis Brewer, Alabama: Her History,
Resources, War Record, and Public Men from 1540 to 1872 ( Montgomery, 1872), 368; William Garrett, Reminiscences of Public Men in Alabama for Thirty
Years ( Atlanta, 1872).
3.For discussion of origin of the term scalawag see Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins, "What Is A Scalawag?" Alabama Review, XXV ( January, 1972), 56-61.
4. United States Senate Reports, No. 22, "Alabama Testimony in Ku Klux
Report," 42nd Cong., 2nd Sess., vol. IX, 888, hereafter cited as Alabama
Testimony.
5.For summaries of scholarly trends in the writings on Reconstruction see Richard O. Curry, "The Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861-1877: A Critical
Overview of Recent Trends and Interpretations," Civil War History, XX ( September, 1974), 215-38; Bernard A. Weisberger, "The Dark and Bloody Ground
of Reconstruction Historiography," Journal of Southern History, XXV
( November, 1959), 427-47; Robert Reid, "Changing Interpretations of the
Reconstruction Period in Alabama, " Alabama Review, XXVII ( October, 1974), 263-81. Carl N. Degler, The Other South: Southern Dissenters in the Nineteenth
Century ( New York, 1974), devotes more attention to the scalawag than have
historians of Reconstruction; Chapters V and VI summarize much of what has
appeared in state historical journals and in unpublished dissertations about the
scalawag. Kenneth M. Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 ( New
York, 1965), 156-65, has the fullest discussion of the scalawag in any revisionist
survey of Reconstruction. Other recent surveys which touch briefly on the
scalawag are Allen W. Trelease, Reconstruction: The Great Experiment ( New
York, 1971), 107-08; John Hope Franklin, Reconstruction: After the Civil War
( Chicago, 1961), 98-103; William R. Brock, Conflict and Transformation: The
United States, 1844-1877 ( Middlesex, England, 1973), 375-76. Biographies of
individual scalawags include Lillian A. Pereyra, James Lusk Alcorn, Persistent
Whig ( Baton Rouge, 1966); Donald Bridgman Sanger, James Longstreet: Soldier, Politician, Officeholder, and Writer ( Gloucester, Mass., 1968); Lillian Adele Kibler
, Benjamin F. Perry, South Carolina Unionist ( Durham, N.C., 1946); E. Merton Coulter, William G. Brownlow, Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands (Chapel Hill, 1937).
6. David Donald, "The Scalawag in Mississippi Reconstruction," Journal of
Southern History, X ( November, 1944), 447-60; Allen W. Trelease, "Who
Were the Scalawags?" Journal of Southern History, XXIX ( November, 1963),
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