Dissimilarities between the Perceptanalytic Dream Interpretation System
(PDS) and the Freudian Psychoanalytic Dream Interpretation System (FDS)
are diverse and fundamental. They concern the purpose and the method of
interpretation, the amount and nature of information obtained, and even the
subject studied.

The subject of PDS is empirical, raw data, manifest dreams, visuomotor
images dreamers "observe" and remember having experienced in sleep; close
attention is paid to recovering the most complete and reliable records of
dreams as they were actually dreamed. Subjects are encouraged to record
their dreams as soon after waking as possible and to emphasize visuomotor
aspects. Freud ( 1933) debased manifest dreams when he wrote:

We have listened passively (as the patient told us a dream) without putting our
powers of reflection into action. What do we do next? We decide to concern
ourselves as little as possible with what we have heard, with the manifest
dream . . . We will disregard it and follow the main road that leads to the inter-
pretation of dreams. This is to say, we ask the dreamer, too, to free himself
from the impression of the manifest dream, to divert his attention from the
dream as a whole, to separate portions of its content and to report to us in suc-
cession everything that occurs to him in relation to each of these portions, what
associations present themselves to him when he focuses on each of them sepa-
rately. (p. 11 )

Freud was unyielding in his view that the manifest dream, as a unitary whole,
has no meaning. He exhorted: "Above all avoid explaining one part of the
manifest dream by another" ( 1933, p. 12 ), calling for destruction of the cohe-

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