| managerial capacities, they are also beginning to exchange these with each other through GRSO networks. Rather than providing specific management skills, Northern NGOs could become supporters and facilitators of this exchange. They could, for example, support research on sustainable technologies, including lessons learned in adapting them to the field, and then support dissemination of results to other GRSOs. 94 |
Now that we have examined the capabilities of GROs and GRSOS, we turn, in the final chapter, to the core of grassroots support--the vertical relationships between them.
NOTES
1.
See, for example,
Fowler, 1988, and
OECD, 1988.
Carroll ( 1992) notes that
they may not be able to compete with government in service delivery.
2.
Fowler, 1988.
3.
See Arbab, 1988, p.65; Ahmed, 1980, pp. 89-91. Administrative costs declined as a percentage of total budget in Carroll' ( 1992) study of Latin American
GRSOs. On the other hand, Williams ( 1990:32) found that GRSO and government
salaries in Bangladesh were often comparable.
4.
The PQLI, by giving equal weight to literacy, life expectancy, and infant
mortality may also be misleading.
5.
A better educational indicator, rarely used, would be female primary completion rates.
6.
The repayment rate, by itself, would be an inadequate measure without data
on increased income, profitability, or increases in employment.
7.
Ruiz Zuniga and
Morgan Ball, 1989, p. 9. Interview in Costa Rica with Ruiz
Zuniga, 1989.
8.
Ritchey Vance, 1991, pp. 117-118.
9.
The key informants included other researchers, donors, and program directors
(as a source of information about other programs).
10.
Herman, 1990, pp. 8, 304. Technoserve and its counterpart GRSOs have
developed a cost-effectiveness model that gives numerical weight to noneconomic
as well as economic benefits.
11.
Lovemen, 1991, p. 14.
12.
Speech by Atherton Martin at the University of Iowa, Spring 1990.
13.
Zeuli, 1991.
14.
Berg, 1987, p. 10.
15.
Diaz Albertini, 1989, p. 24.
16.
Carroll ( 1992:36) study of thirty Latin American GRSOs (including three Member Support Organizations or GRO networks) concluded that "harder" economic goals and "softer" organizational objectives are compatible if properly implemented and can also be "mutually reinforcing."
17.
Lance and
McKenna, 1975. See also Cheema, 1986, for urban examples.
18.
Cernea, 1987, p. 5. See also Cernea's citations.
19.
Uphoff, 1986, pp. 63, 284.
20.
Paul, 1987, p. 3. The "intensity" of participation was related to information
-183-
Questia, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. www.questia.com
Publication information:
Book title: The Road from Rio:Sustainable Development and the Nongovernmental Movement in the Third World.
Contributors: Julie Fisher - Author.
Publisher: Praeger Publishers.
Place of publication: Westport, CT.
Publication year: 1993.
Page number: 183.
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