cerning a possible cardiac condition--anxieties that he kept from his wife.

When the break-up with Fliess came, it was complete and permanent. In 1901 there was a final meeting, during which the two men quarreled violently. They never saw each other again. Freud later interpreted attachment to Fliess as evidence of his own latent homosexuality; correspondingly, he interpreted Filess's reaction to the termination of their relationship as paranoiac. In this muselike relationship, when the point of maximum destructiveness was reached, the alliance died. Fliess became a stranger, an Other in the most complete sense.

One's capacity to sustain the self in states of solitude appears to be related to self-generated passionate interests and moral commitments. An individual may also be sustained in solitude by a muselike maternal presence, who may be an actual or imaginary person.

Passionate interests give people something to live for. Although such interests are self generated, they lie outside the self; in this sense, they are analogous to a loved object. Passionate interests can be thought of as emergent values, which can become powerful motivating forces throughout an individual's life.

The relationship between solitude and creativity can be seen in the life of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. Only in solitude could he generate thoughts that were entirely his own. Wittgenstein did not seem to need a muselike presence in order to sustain himself; not until late in his life did he come to depend on intimate friendship for the peace he needed while nurturing his ideas.

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