More words were printed in the United
States on the subject of the tariff during
the eighteen twenties and early thirties
than on any other public question. Only
a specialist on the period can hope to read
more than a small fraction of this mate-
rial. However, so much of what was writ-
ten was repetition that by careful sam-
pling the student can obtain a fairly
reliable picture. Most useful are the de-
bates in Congress on the numerous tariff
bills which were introduced during the
period. The House of Representatives
was the great popular forum of the period
and the debates of that body, reproduced
and discussed across the land in news-
papers, in magazines, and in pamphlet
form became a universal subject for
editorials, sermons, and village store dis-
putes. The congressional speeches are to
be found up to 1824 in the Annals of the
Congress of the United States and there-
after to 1837 in Register of Debates in
Congress. Both of these many-volumed
works contain numerous memorials sub-
mitted on the subject by interested
groups.

For the periodical literature of the
time Niles' Weekly Register, published
throughout the period, best represents
the protectionist view. This may well be
supplemented by sampling the many
books and pamphlets written and pub-
lished by Mathew Carey. Many news-
papers and periodicals, especially those
published in the South, present the free
trade viewpoint but none, perhaps, is
more valuable than that of Condy Raguet.
His journal, begun as the Free Trade
Advocate in 1829, soon became the Ban-
ner of the Constitution, lasting in this
form until the end of 1832, when, after
an interval, it continued for a short time
as The Examiner.

Writings of contemporary economists,
in addition to those of Daniel Raymond
and Thomas R. Dew, which are included
in this volume, are also worth some atten-
tion. Best for the protectionist viewpoint
are Friedrich List, Outlines of American
Political Economy ( Philadelphia, 1827),
and Willard Phillips, A Manual of Politi-
cal Economy ( Boston, 1828). Among the
economists attacking protectionism, the
student may well examine for the South-
ern viewpoint Thomas Cooper, Lectures
on the Elements of Political Economy
( Columbia, S. C., 1826), and for the
Northern view John McVickar, Outlines
of Political Economy ( New York, 1825).
The latter is a republication of an article
by the British economist John R. Mc-
Culloch, with notes by McVickar. It is
sometimes cited under McCulloch's name.

Like the contemporary material, most
of the historical writing on the period
covered by this volume is definitely pro-
or anti-tariff. From the former viewpoint
the most substantial study is Edward Stanwood
, American Tariff Controversies
in the Nineteenth Century ( Boston, 1904),
Vol. I. This largely nonanalytical work
emphasizes political aspects and is made
up in considerable part of excerpts from
current speeches and documents. Other
protectionist works which give apprecia-
ble attention to the history of the period
covered by this volume are highly parti-

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