Academia in Upheaval: Origins, Transfers, and Transformations of the Communist Academic Regime in Russia and East Central Europe

vival" of genetics in the socialist camp (including the Soviet Union). However, the "lifespan" of Michurinism in the various socialist countries was not the same. In Poland, for instance, Michurinism began to decline in 1956, in the Soviet Union it was finally dismantled in 1965, while in China it persisted into the 1970s. These differences suggest that various groups both within and outside the local scientific communities maintained much vested interest in Michurinism. We need to study these groups, their interests, and their use of Michurinism as a tool to advance those interests.

Finally, the Michurinist campaign of 1949 proved to be only the first of a series of scientific campaigns within the newly constituted socialist camp. In the early 1950s campaigns to promote other Soviet doctrines, including Olga Lepeshinskaia's concept of the origin of cells from "uncellular living matter" and the Soviet version of Ivan Pavlov's concept of conditioned reflexes, swept over the socialist camp. ⁵³ A careful study of these campaigns would also illuminate important aspects of the interchange of ideas, structures, and practices within the socialist bloc.

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